1. How Do Psychologists Ask & Answer Questions?
Psychology 7e in Modules

2. Theory
A Theory is an…
If we were to observe that depressed people talk about their past, present, and future in a gloomy manner, we may theorize that low-self-esteem contributes to depression.
Psychology 7e in Modules

3. Hypothesis
A Hypothesis is a…

4. Research Process

5. Case Study A technique in which…
OBJECTIVE 5| Identify the advantages and disadvantages of case studies in studying behavior and mental processes.
Psychology 7e in Modules

6. Survey A technique for…
OBJECTIVE 6| Identify the advantages and disadvantages of surveys in studying behavior and mental processes, and explain the importance of wording effects and random sampling.
Psychology 7e in Modules

7. Problems with surveys Wording Effects: Order: Scales:
False Consensus Effect:
Embarassment:

8. Survey Random Sampling
If each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample, it is called a random sample (unbiased). If the survey sample is biased, its results are not valid.
The fastest way to know about the marble color ratio is to blindly transfer a few into a smaller jar and count them.

9. Naturalistic Observation
OBJECTIVE 7| Identify the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation in studying behavior and mental processes.
Psychology 7e in Modules

10. (positive or negative)
Correlation
When one trait or behavior accompanies another, we say…
Indicates strength
of relationship
(0.00 to 1.00)
Correlation
coefficient
r = +
0.37
OBJECTIVE 8| Describe positive and negative correlations and explain how correlational measures can aid the process of prediction.
Correlation Coefficient is a statistical measure…
Indicates direction
of relationship
(positive or negative)
Psychology 7e in Modules

11. Scatterplot is a graph comprised…
Scatterplots
Perfect positive
correlation (+1.00)
Scatterplot is a graph comprised…

12. Scatterplots
Perfect negative
correlation (-1.00)
No relationship (0.00)
The Scatterplot on the left shows a ________correlation, while the one on the right shows _______________________ the two variables.

13. Correlation and Causation
Correlation does not mean causation! or
Psychology 7e in Modules

14. Illusory Correlation The perception of a relationship where…
Confirming evidence
Disconfirming evidence
Do not
adopt
Adopt
Do not conceive
Conceive
OBJECTIVE 10| Describe how people form illusory correlations.
Psychology 7e in Modules

15. Given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns.
Order in Random Events
Given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns.
Psychology 7e in Modules

16. Exploring Cause and Effect
Experimentation
Exploring Cause and Effect
Like other sciences, experimentation is the backbone of psychology research. Experiments isolate…
OBJECTIVE 12| Explain how experiments help researchers isolate cause and effect.
Psychology 7e in Modules

17. Many factors influence our behavior
Many factors influence our behavior. Experiments (1) manipulate factors that interest us, while other factors are kept under (2) control.
Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships.

18. An Independent Variable is a …
OBJECTIVE 14| Explain the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
Psychology 7e in Modules

19. A Dependent Variable is a…

20. A summary of steps during experimentation.

21. Double-blind Procedure
Random Assignment
Double-blind Procedure
Sometime research participants out of enthusiasm or personal beliefs can affect the out come of an experiment. To control for such affects, a double-blind procedure is used, in which the participants and the experimenter’s assistants are not aware of which participants got real treatment and who got placebo.
Psychology 7e in Modules

22. Below is a comparison of different research methods.

23. Statistical Reasoning
Statistical procedures analyze and interpret data allowing us to see what the unaided eye misses.
OBJECTIVE 15| Explain the importance of statistical principles, and give an example of their use in daily life.
Psychology 7e in Modules

24. Describing Data
A meaningful description of data is important in research. Misrepresentation may lead to incorrect conclusions.
OBJECTIVE 16| Explain how graphs can misrepresent data.
Psychology 7e in Modules

25. Measures of Central Tendency
Mode:
Mean:
Median:
OBJECTIVE 17| Describe three measures of central tendency and tell which is most affected by extreme scores.
Psychology 7e in Modules

26. Measures of Central Tendency
A Skewed Distribution

27. Measures of Variation Range: Standard Deviation:
OBJECTIVE 18| Explain two measures of variation.
Psychology 7e in Modules

28. Standard Deviation

29. A statistical statement of…
Making Inferences
A statistical statement of…
Psychology 7e in Modules

30. When is an Observed Difference Reliable?
Making Inferences
When is an Observed Difference Reliable? 1. 2. 3.
OBJECTIVE 19| Identify three principles for making generalizations from samples.
Psychology 7e in Modules

31. When is a Difference Significant?
Making Inferences
When is a Difference Significant?
OBJECTIVE 20| Explain how psychologists decide whether differences are meaningful.
Psychology 7e in Modules