1. Part Three Rock & stone - 1. granite, Dr Saad A Salih
Building Materials
Part Three
Rock & stone -
1. granite,
Dr Saad A Salih
18/09/2018

2. Rock & stone 1. Introduction
stone –is a building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose.
Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main draw-back as a material is its:
weight and
awkwardness and
Its energy density is also considered a big draw-back, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources.
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3. Rock & stone 1. Introduction
There are many types of stones through out the world all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses.
Natural stone is a collective name for thousands of different types of stone, found and quarried throughout the world. The appearance and the characteristics of natural stone are determined by the manner in which the stone was formed: by rivers, by volcanoes, by tectonic folding (mountains)...
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4. Rock & stone 1. Introduction
Each natural stone is unique, because no two places on earth have precisely the same geological composition or experience or precisely the same geological forces. This means that natural stone of the same type can also differ widely.
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5. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone
For commercial purposes, natural stone is divided into several large groups:
granite,
marble,
limestone,
sandstone
slate
are the most important and to be used in these lectures.
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6. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone
Alongside this commercial classification, there is also an alternative scientific classification, which is divided into three categories: magmatic rock, which was created by the cooling of liquid magma; sedimentary stone, which was created by the compression of loose fragments of existing stone or by the deposition of limestone particles in water; and metamorphic rock, which was created by the transformation of existing magmatic or sedimentary rock under high temperature and/or pressure.
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7. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone
Natural stones are widely used in building material since ages, both indoor and outdoor, to add performance and elegance to construction. Know all about these natural stones; their physical and chemical properties, color and textures, their uses in our life and availability in the world.
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8. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Granite, from igneous rock, is a very hard, crystalline, and primarily composed of feldspar, quartz accompanied by one or more dark minerals. It is visibly homogeneous in texture. The term "Granite" means "grain" in Latin word "Granum" because of its granular nature. Granite is the hardest building stone, and granite slabs and granite tiles occupy a prominent place among dimensional stones. Due to its hardness, resistance to weathering, capability to take mirror polish, fascinating colors and textural patterns, granite slabs and granite tiles are extremely popular.
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9. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
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10. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
The large group of the granites consists largely of magmatic rocks which were formed by the cooling of magma deep in the earth's crust. Their outward appearance is usually dappled. Some granites are also metamorphic in origin, having been created by the transformation of existing magmatic stone under high pressure (for example, during the development of mountain ranges).
These metamorphic granites are typical for their variegated colouring and their flamed structure, which makes every individual tile and slab unique. All the granites are renowned for their outstanding technical qualities.
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11. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Examples of Ubatuba Granite
Examples of New Venetian Gold Granite
India is one of the largest producers of granites blocks and processed granite slabs and granite tiles.
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12. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Exmples of Rosa Porino Granite
Examples of Golden Aurora Granite
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13. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Examples of Absolute Black Granite
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14. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Examples of Gallo Amazon Granite
Examples of Imperial Red Granite  
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15. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Examples of Autumn Brown Granite  
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16. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
The Granite Main General Characteristics:
Granite is the hardest building stone.
resistance to weathering.
capability to take mirror polish.
fascinating colors and textural patterns.
high load bearing capacity.
crushing strength & abrasive strength.
amenability to cutting and shaping without secondary flaws.
ability to yield thin and large slabs.
above all - durability
Polished granite slabs and granite tiles have achieved a special status as building stones globally
Granite is also used for wall cladding, roofing, flooring, and a variety of other interior and exterior applications.
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17. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Physical Properties of Granite :
In terms of its physical properties granite is a unique material. These properties lending uniqueness to granite are:
Porosity/permeability Granite has almost negligible porosity (مسامية ranging between 0.2 to 4%.
Thermal Stability Granite is thermally highly stable, so it shows no changes with the changing temperature. Granite is impervious to weathering from temperature and even from the air borne chemicals. It is the highly resistance to chemical erosion which makes granite useful for making tanks to store highly caustic material.
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18. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
c. Co-efficient of expansion The co-efficient of expansion for granite varies from 4.7x x10-6(inch x inch).
d. Variegation Granite shows consistency in color and texture.
e. Hardness It is the hardest building stone and hardness of granite that lends it excellent wear.
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19. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Granite Composition :
Granite is formed of quartz and orthoclase or microcline. The principal constituents of granite are :
Feldspar
Quartz
Biotite
The percentage composition of each varies and accordingly impart different color and texture to the final product. The percentage composition of feldspar varies between 65-90%, of quartz can extend from 10 to 60% and that of biotite lies between 10 to 15%.
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20. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Chemical Properties of Granite:
Granite is primarily composed of feldspar, quartz along with various other minerals in varying percentage, which are stated as follows: (Nominal chemical composition of various oxides)
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21. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Silica(SiO2) 70-77%
Alumina(Al2O3) %
Potassium Oxide(P2O5)3 - 5%
Soda(Na2O)3 - 5%
Lime 1%
Iron(Fe2O3) 1-2%
Iron(FeO) 1 - 3%
Magnesia(Mg0) 5 - 1%
TitinaLess than 1%(.38%)
Water(H2O)0.03%
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22. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Uses of Granite
Roadstone, building blocks, but has poor resistance to fire as it crumbles when exposed to intense heat.
Traditionally the main use of black granite is in tombstones and other monumental items, and to a lesser extent for various types of counters, especially in the financial world, decorative applications, elegant trimmings and luxury floorings.
Stones on bolo cord slides and pendants, paperweights, bookends, lazy susan turntables, etc.
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23. Rock & stone 2. Types of (natural) stone 2.1.granite
Granite use: various types of counters
tombstones and other monumental items
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24. Granite use: various types of counters
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25. granite paving
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27. Granite_Koleksi_Italia_
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