1. Introduction to animals

2. Invertebrate groups Simplest animals
Contain the greatest number of different species
Most are aquatic (found in water)
Do NOT have a backbone
Invertebrate groups

3. Phylum Porifera

4. Phylum Cnidaria
Tentacles of Sea Anemone
Red jellyfish

5. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Marine Flatworm
Planarian

6. Phylum Nematoda Phylum Annelida
Nematode (round worms)
Leech (segmented worm)

7. Phylum Mollusca (With and Without Shells)
snail
scallop
octopus
nudibranch
nautilus

8. Phylum Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, horseshoe crab)
crayfish
spider
Horseshoe crab
Dung beetle

9. Phylum Echinodermata starfish Sea fan (crinoid) Brittle star
Sand dollar
Sea cucumber

10. Phylum Chordata (Backbone)

11. Chordata Vertebrates have endoskeletons
Some vertebrates have skeletons of cartilage (sharks, rays, and skates)
Other vertebrates have skeletons of bone and cartilage (reptiles, birds, & mammals)

12. Fish
lancelet
ray
damselfish
anglerfish

13. Amphibia
salamander
toad
frog
newt

14. Reptilia
Turtle
Snake
Lizard
Alligator

15. Birds - Aves
hummingbird
ostrich
lovebirds

16. Mammalia

17. Characteristics
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs

18. Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone
Support Systems
Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone
Exoskeletons found in arthropods
Cover the outside of the body
Limit size
Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators

19. Support Systems
Worms & echinoderms (starfish) have hydrostatic skeletons fluid-filled internal cavities giving them support

20. Movement Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary
Animals such as sponges may be sessile attached & non-moving
Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary
Clam
Sponge
Animals that can move are motile
Movement
Cheetah

21. Feed by ingestion

22. Reproduction in Animals
Some animal reproduce asexually
All animals are capable of sexual reproduction
Some animals like sponges & earthworms are hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm

23. Segmentation
Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or segments
Found in more complex animals
Earthworms show external segmentation
Humans show
internal
segmentation

24. Surfaces (Most Animals)
DORSAL
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Dorsal – back or upper surface
Ventral – belly or lower surface
Anterior – head or front end
Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head
VENTRAL

25. Symmetry
Arrangement of body parts around a central plane or axis

26. Body Symmetry
Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar sections

27. Body Symmetry
Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or sedentary (move very little)

28. Body Symmetry
Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided into equal halves along a single plane
Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror images of each other
More complex type of symmetry
Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile
Animals have an anterior and posterior ends
Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the head or anterior end)

29. Tissue

30. Levels of Organization
Molecule or compound
Atom
Organelle
Levels of Organization
CELL
Life begins
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism

31. Levels of Organization
Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level
All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system
Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions)
Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues

32. Tissue Layers
endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

33. Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells
Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis
All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates have three cell layers
Ectoderm
Endoderm
mesoderm

34. Body Cavities

35. Coelom - Body Cavity Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
Body organs suspended in this cavity

36. Coelom - Body Cavity
Acoelomate animals have solid bodies filled with cells
Acoelomate animals include sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms

37. Coelom - Body Cavity
Pseudocoelomate animals (roundworms) have a functional body cavity NOT fully lined with mesoderm