1. When you think of fungi…
But…

2. KEY CONCEPT Fungi are saprobes (decomposers)-break down waste or remains of plants and animals

3. Plants and Fungi have similar and dissimilar traits
Both
Fungi
Photosynthesis
True roots
Stems
Leaves
Non-moving
Produce spores
Absorbs foot with hyphae
Cell walls with chitin

4. Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts.
hyphae: thread like tubes, secrete digestive enzymes. (can grow up to a km per day)
Mycellium: body of fungi underground(network of hyphae)
fruiting body: reproductive structure, above ground.

5. Sac Fungi (Ascomycota)
Form a reproductive sac, called an ascus.
Examples
Yeasts are single-celled.
Morels and truffles are multicellular.
Many ascomycetes that reproduce sexually are plant parasites and include: powdery mildews, Dutch Elm, chestnut blight
Can digest resistant materials containing cellulose, and collagen. Some can consume jet fuel and wall paint.

6. Club fungi (Basidiomycota).
reproductive structures called basidia
include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi
Include smuts and rust that parasitize cereal crops and cause great economic crop losses each year.

7. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycota)
Group of fungi that produces asexually but sexual form is unknown
Examples: leaf spot fungus, Penicillium(produces antibiotic penicillin), Aspergillus (group of green molds that can be pathogenic to humans, some safe forms are used in production of soy sauce and production of food and cosmetic additives) Tinea can cause athlete’s foot and ringworm

8. Bread mold Zygomycota ("Conjugation Fungi")
Molds that are often found on spoiled food including: bread, cheese and meat.
Mycorrhizae belong to this group
Form zygospores during reproduction

9. Cross Walls of Hyphae
Coenocytic hyphae where the nucleus of each cell is embedded in the cytoplasm without a cell wall (nonseptate, multinucleated)
Eg. Zygomycota, Oomycota
Hyphae with cross walls (septate)
Eg. Basidiomycota, Ascomycota

10. Going from A to Z A B D Z

11. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.
Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding.
Yeasts form asci during sexual reproduction.

12. Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.
distinctive reproductive structures
Basidiomycota have basidia
Zygomycota have zygospores
Ascomycota have asci

13. Alternation of Generations- part of reproductive cycle is asexual, part is sexual.

14. All fungi form spores and zygotes.

15. Fungi have + and – hyphae instead of male and female.
The charges have to do with calcium distribution across the tips of the hyphae

16. KEY CONCEPT Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

17. Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem.
decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals
return nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and minerals) to the soil
absorb food quickly and recycle nutrients quickly

18. Fungi as pathogens A few fungi always cause disease
Some are normally harmless, but can grow out of control under right conditions
Yeast can overgrow
in presence of antibiotic

19. Human Diseases Yeast infections from antibiotic use Ringworm
Athlete’s foot

20. Plant Diseases Dutch elm disease Dutch elm disease Peach scab
Gray mold
Elm bark
beetle
Gray mold

21. Mutualistic Fungi
Symbiotic relationship with another organism
Both organisms benefit

22. Lichens Fungi and algae or cyanobacteria Fungi protect the algae
Algae performs photosynthesis
The lichens are beneficial because they may live in extreme environments and on bare rocks. They can help form soil. They can also take up pollutants.

23. Mycorrhizae → Fungi and plant roots Fungi absorb nutrients and water
Plant provides glucose from photosynthesis
Cross
Section
of root →

24. Mycorrhizae means “fungus-root”; mutualistic relationship between plant and fungi
The plant photosynthesizes while the fungus more efficiently takes up nutrients and water from the rhizosphere than the roots would alone.
Plant benefits include:
Improved nutrient/water uptake
Improved root growth
Improved plant growth and yield
Improved disease resistance
Reduced transplant shock
Reduced drought stress

25. Fungi and some insects form symbiotic relationships
Leaf cutter ants build piles of leaves and add fungus.
Fungus breaks down leaves and ants eat the mycelium!

26. Fungi are studied for many purposes.
Fungi are useful in several ways.
as food
as antibiotics
as model systems for molecular biology (eukaryote cells)
Penicillum

27. Phylum Ex’s Characteristics Asexual Sexual
Oomycota
Mildew
Spud blight
Cellulose cell walls, 2N hyphae
Flagellated oospores from sporangia
Gametes fuse in gametangia creating oospores
Zygomycota
Rhizopus a dung fungus
Chitin cell walls
Coenocytic = hyphae lack crosswalls
Unflagel. spores drop from sporangia
Gametangia fuse to create zygospore
Ascomycota
Yeast, morels, truffles
Conidia on conidophores
Hyphae + & - fuse to create ascospores in ascus

28. Mushrooms Puffballs, rusts, smuts Cross walls in hyphae
Basidiomycota
Mushrooms Puffballs, rusts, smuts
Cross walls in hyphae
Asexual by way of Conidophores which produce conidiospores
Sexual when hyphae fuse in BASIDIA to produce
basidiospores
Fungi Imperfecti
Deuteromycota
Penicillium,
Athlete’s Foot fungus,
Tomato Blight
Similar To
Basidio and
Zygomy
Asexual by conidia which produce conidophores
Sexual repro
Not known

29. Characteristics of Fungi
Characteristics of Protists
Eukaryotic
Most multicellular
Reproduce by spores
More like zygotic L.C.
Most nonmotile(nonmobile)
Except chytrids (flagellated)
No Chlorophyll
not photosynthetic
Heterotrophs
Absorptive filaments -- hyphae (pl)
Stores glycogen
Similar to animals
Cell wall chitin (polysacchride)
Unicellular, colonial , multicellular
Reproduce by :
(Gametic & alternation of generation)
Some are Motile & some are Nonmotile
No Chlorophyll
( Except in some green algae….use pigments)
Storage:
Diatoms ---Store lipids
Brown Algae ---- Starch
Red Algae---Storage is starch
Cell wall :
Diatoms--- silica
Brown algae—algin
Red algae-- Cellulose