1. Utilitarianism

2. Jeremy Bentham Late 18th- Century British philosopher
Roughly contemporary with Kant
Interested in application of moral philosophy to social reform

3. Jeremy Bentham Bentham's hedonism
“Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.”

4. Jeremy Bentham Bentham's hedonism
“Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.”
Descriptive claim: All actions are motivated solely by considerations of pleasure and pain.
Normative claim: What we ought to do depends solely on considerations of pleasure and pain

5. Jeremy Bentham The principle of utility
“That principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question.”

6. Jeremy Bentham The principle of utility So: Impersonalist hedonism
“That principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question.”
So: Impersonalist hedonism

7. Jeremy Bentham The principle of utility So: Impersonalist hedonism
“That principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question.”
So: Impersonalist hedonism
So, neither egoistic nor altruistic

8. Jeremy Bentham Arguing for the principle of utility
The principle of utility cannot be directly proven:
“That which is used to prove every thing else, cannot itself be proved: a chain of proofs must have their commencement somewhere.”

9. Jeremy Bentham Arguing for the principle of utility
The principle of utility cannot be directly proven:
“That which is used to prove every thing else, cannot itself be proved: a chain of proofs must have their commencement somewhere.”
But considerations can be raised in its favor

10. Jeremy Bentham Arguing for the principle of utility
The principle of utility cannot be directly proven:
“That which is used to prove every thing else, cannot itself be proved: a chain of proofs must have their commencement somewhere.”
But considerations can be raised in its favor
Arguments for other principles often seem to rely on the principle of utility.

11. Jeremy Bentham Arguing for the principle of utility
The principle of utility cannot be directly proven:
“That which is used to prove every thing else, cannot itself be proved: a chain of proofs must have their commencement somewhere.”
But considerations can be raised in its favor
Arguments for other principles often seem to rely on the principle of utility.
Other ethical theories face considerable problems.

12. Jeremy Bentham Other ethical theories face considerable problems.
Principle of sympathy and antipathy
“That principle which approves or disapproves of certain actions merely because a man finds himself disposed to approve or disapprove of them.”

13. Jeremy Bentham Other ethical theories face considerable problems.
Principle of sympathy and antipathy
“That principle which approves or disapproves of certain actions merely because a man finds himself disposed to approve or disapprove of them.”
Objection to the principle
“What one expects to find in a principle is something that points out some external consideration, as a means of warranting and guiding the internal sentiments of approbation and disapprobation: this expectation is but ill fulfilled by a proposition, which does neither more nor less than hold up each of those sentiments as a ground and standard for itself.”

14. Jeremy Bentham Four sources of pain and pleasure
Physical: Arising from the ordinary course of nature, not from any human action.
Political: Arising from the actions of some judge.
Moral: Arising from chance persons in the community.
Religious: Arising from the hand of a “superior invisible being.”

15. Jeremy Bentham Measuring Pain and Pleasure
Pains and pleasures differ in
Duration
Intensity
Certainty or uncertainty
Propinquity or remoteness
Fecundity (likelihood of bringing about sensations of the same kind)
Purity (likelihood of bringing about sensations of the opposite kind)

16. Jeremy Bentham
So: our actions and our laws must maximize overall pleasure and minimize overall pain.

17. Jeremy Bentham
So: our actions and our laws must maximize overall pleasure and minimize overall pain.
Reasons for and against this principle