1. Changes in the Earth’s Surface Vocabulary Book

2. Weathering
Weathering is the process where rocks are worn away or broken down into smaller pieces by wind, water or plants etc.

3. Erosion
Erosion happens when broken rocks and sediments are picked up & moved to another place by ice, water or wind.

4. Deposition
Deposition is when sediments are deposited, or dropped off, in a different location.

5. Core
The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle.

6. Crust
The crust is the outermost layer of a planet. The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

7. Mantle
Traveling beyond the Earth’s crust, we next encounter the mantle. The mantle extends to a depth of approximately 1,800 miles, and is made of a thick, solid, rocky substance

8. Sea Arch
An opening through a headland, formed by wave erosion or solution which leaves a bridge of rock over the water.

9. Sea Stack
A stack or sea stack is a geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast, formed by wave erosion

10. Earthquake
Earthquakes are caused when tectonic plates of the Earth's crust move against each other causing a disturbance. An earthquake takes place when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.

11. Fault
fault line is a break or fracture in the ground that occurs when the Earth's tectonic plates move or shift and are areas where earthquakes are likely to occur. A break where the Earth's tectonic plates shifted that is a likely site of an earthquake is an example of a fault line

12. Tectonic Plates
The Earth's outer layer is made up of large, moving pieces called plates. All of Earth's land and water sit on these plates. The plates are made of solid rock. Under the plates is a weaker layer of partially melted rock. The plates are constantly moving over this weaker layer

13. Ring of Fire
The Ring of Fire refers to a geographical area of high volcanic and seismic activity around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. ... All along this ring, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common because of tectonic plate boundaries and movements.

14. Volcano
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments.

15. Glacier
A glacier is a large body of ice moving slowly down a slope or valley or spreading outward on a land surface.

16. Drumlin
A drumlin is a low oval mound or small hill, typically one of a group, consisting of compacted boulder clay molded by past glacial action

17. Moraine
A moraine is an accumulation of earth and stones carried and finally deposited by a glacier.

18. Flood
A flood is a rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land; also a condition of overflowing of rivers and lakes.

19. Mechanical Weathering
Mechanical weathering takes place when rocks are broken down without any change in the chemical nature of the rocks. The rocks are essentially torn apart by physical force, rather than by chemical breakdown. 

20. Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering is what happens when rocks are broken down and chemically altered.

21. Technology

22. A bank or a wall to prevent sea waves from eroding the shore
Sea Wall
A bank or a wall to prevent sea waves from eroding the shore

23. Jetty
A jetty is a pier or structure of stones, piles of the like projecting into the sea or other body of water to protect a harbor or deflect the current.

24. Seismograph
 A seismograph is a measuring instrument for detecting and measuring the intensity and direction and duration of movements of the ground

25. A levee is a bank built along a river to prevent flooding

26. Storm Drain
A storm drain is a drain that carries water (such as rainwater) away from a street, parking lot, etc to prevent flooding

27. Beach nourishment
Beach nourishment is the supply of sand to the shore to secure the beach against shore erosion by feeding sand on the beach

28. Dam
A Dam is a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, the resulting reservoir being used in the generation of electricity or as a water supply.

29. Floodway
A floodway is another watercourse and the adjacent land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more than a designated height

30. Terracing
Terracing is a flat area created on the side of a hill and used especially for growing crops

31. Contour Plowing
Contouring involves plowing, planting, and cultivating sloping fields around hillsides, with curving furrows horizontal to the hill, instead of furrows running straight uphill and downhill.