Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Chromosomes, Cell Division & DNA concepts from Chapters 16 & 17 & 18
2
Chapter 16 outline* DNA and the Chromosome Somatic Cells
The building blocks Description of a karyotype Somatic Cells Cell cycle Mitosis Reproductive cells Meiosis (* this topic can be found in ch. 17)
3
What is… DNA A Chromosome
4
DNA is composed of millions of nucleotides
5
THE DNA MOLECULE
6
Diploid Cell 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
44 autosomes 2 sex chromosomes
7
How do all of our non-reproductive cells divide & keep 46 chromosomes?
Somatic Cell Division
8
The cell cycle
9
Mitosis metaphase prophase anaphase telophase
10
Mitosis animation links
Mitosis (includes cell wall)
11
How many chromosomes do our reproductive cells have and how do they divide?
& Meiosis Animation LINKS Meiosis I and II Mitosis versus meisosis
12
MEISOSIS and FERTILZATION
=46 23 chromosomes
13
Ch. 18 concept: How does DNA affect your phenotype?
14
Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein
15
The next 6 slides will refer to material found in chapter 18.
16
DNA RNA PROTEIN Nucleus Cytoplasm
17
GENETIC CODE
19
GENETIC CODE
21
Principles of Heredity
Chapter 17
22
Patterns of Heredity Gregor Mendel Dominant versus Recessive Traits
Punnett Square Dominant versus Recessive Traits Alleles Autosomal versus Sex linked Traits Autosomes versus sex chromsomes
23
Diploid Cell Karotype 44 autosomes 2 sex chromosomes
24
Mendelian Genetics
25
Mendel states Alternative versions of genes= allele
An organism inherits two genes that segregate independently
26
Mendel also states Dominant and recessive alleles
27
Predict genotype and phenotype by
Punnett Square
28
First, let’s see how to use the:
The Punnett Square
29
Cc mates with cc what will the offspring look like?
Punnett Square curly ears= recessive “normal” ears=dominant Cc mates with cc what will the offspring look like?
30
Look at those ears! Look at those ears!
31
Punnett Square: Cc x cc c c Cc cc C c
32
Mono-hybrid cross Tall is dominant Short is recessive A single trait
33
Result of di-hybrid crosses
34
Cystic Fibrosis: Autosomal Recessive Trait
35
Autosomal Dominant: Familial Hypercholesterolemia (gene dosage effect is observed)
Affects 1:500 cholesterol
36
Incomplete Dominance Some traits show “incomplete dominance”
37
Sickle cell trait Incomplete Dominance
38
Blood Transfusions & Inheritance of Blood Types and
39
Inheritance can sometimes show:
Co-Dominance
40
Brief Summary Autosomal traits Trait are considered either:
Hypercholesteremia Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell trait Blood type Trait are considered either: Dominant Recessive Incomplete dominant Co-dominant
41
Sex-Linked Traits
42
COLOR BLINDNESS
43
Hemophilia
44
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
Recessive Sex Linked (X-chromosome) Males Affected
45
Sex-influenced Genes Patterned Baldness Rogaine Propecia
Vasodialor alpha R. inhibitor
46
Polygenic Traits
47
Skin Pigmentation Multiple genes for melanin: 3-6 Each has 2 alleles
Neither allele is dominant Additional pigmentation genes can contribute to skin color
48
Trisomy
49
Extra “X” Sex Chromosomes
Klinefelter Syndrome XXY 1:1000 occurrence Males
50
Turner Syndrome 1:10,000
51
Example of Pedigrees or Family Trees
Autosomal recessive Autosomal dominant
52
Cloning of a whole organism.
53
Cloning is a process of providing identical replicates of DNA.
54
Hello Dolly!!!!!
55
How to process begins using a human cell as an example:
46 23 Somatic Cell Germ Cell For ex. Mammary cell ovum
56
Overview of the process
46 23 46 discarded Somatic Cell Germ Cell For ex. Mammary cell ovum
57
Uncertainty: Does the offspring represent the molecular age of the donor or of a newborn?
Similar presentations
