1. Notes on Chapter 12
AIR

2. 3. argon, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor
1. nitrogen
2. oxygen
3. argon, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor

3. B. Air pollution 1. human activities 2. natural sources a. Volcanoes
b. Dust
c. Pollen
d. spores

4. II. Primary pollutants human activities 1. household products
2. power plants
3. motor vehicles
4. soot from smoke

5. B. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
1. carbon monoxide
a. Exhaust from vehicles
2. nitrogen oxide
a. Vehicles
b. Coal-burning plants
3. sulfur dioxide
a. Coal and oil are burned
b. Power plants, refineries, and metal smelters
4. vehicles and gas station spillage
5. household products

6. C. Particulate matter 1. fine particulates 2. coarse particulates
a. Fuel burned by vehicles
b. Coal-burning power plants
2. coarse particulates
a. Cement plants
b. Mining operations
c. Incinerators
d. Wood-burning fireplaces
e. Fields
f. Roads

7. Primary Air Pollutants

8. III. Secondary pollutants
Chemical reaction
A. Ground level ozone
1. UV rays of the sun & mix with the O2 in the atmosphere

9. C. Industrial societies burn a lot of fossil fuels
IV.
A. Foul air in Rome
B. Burning of sea-coal
1. sea-coal
2. hanged for disobeying
C. Industrial societies burn a lot of fossil fuels

10. V. Motor vehicle A. 1/3 gasoline burned by vehicles
trillion miles
a. 90%
passenger vehicles

11. B. Clean Air Act Passed in 1970
1. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
vehicle emissions in the U.S.
2. lead in gasoline
a. Lead pollution
90%
3. catalytic converters
4. 35%
95%
CO2 30

12. CONTROLLING VEHICLE EMISSIONS

13. C. Zero-emissions vehicle program
1. zero-emissions vehicles
2. 16%
a. SUVs, trucks, small vans, & automobiles
3. for sale in California
a. Advanced batteries
b. Hydrogen fuel
C. Partial
1) hybrid-electric cars
2) methanol fuel cells
4. Main, Massachusetts, New York, & Vermont

14. VI. Industrial A. Fossil fuels
1. sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into air
2. 2/3 of all sulfur dioxide
1/3 of all nitrogen oxides

15. 3. VOCs a. Oil refineries b. Chemical manufacturing plants
c. Furniture refinishers
d. Automobile repair shops
e. People using some of the products containing VOCs

16. 1. Clean Air Act 2. pollution control devices a. Scrubber
a spray of water
1) harmful
a) ammonia

17. b. Electrostatic precipitators
Cement factories & coal-burning power plants
1) electrical current
2) transferred to the dust partices
a) stick to one another & to sides of container
3) clean gas
4) collected and removed
a) 22 million metric tons (20 million tons)
each year in the U.S.

18. 3. Smog Over urban areas & reduces visibility
a. Sunlight, air, automobile exhaust, and ozone
b. vehicles & industries
c. Los Angeles, Denver, & Phoenix

19. 4. Temperature inversion
above
Below
a. Minimizes air pollution
1) surface of Earth & the air near Earth
2) carries pollutants away

20. b. Trap pollution near Earth’s surface
1) at the surface from moving upward
2) pollutants are trapped
c. Valleys
1) Los Angeles

21. VII. Health A. Short-term effects reversible 1. headache 2. nausea
3. irritation to eyes, nose, & throat
4. tightness in chest
5. coughing
6. upper respiratory infections
7. asthma & emphysema

22. 4. Worsen conditions suffered by elderly
Long-term effects
1. Emphysema
2. Lung cancer
3. Heart disease
4. Worsen conditions suffered by elderly
5. Damage the lungs of children

23. Indoor Worse A. Plastics & other industrial chemicals
1. carpets, building materials, paints, and furniture

24. b. Sick-building syndrome
1. poor air quality
a. hot places
b. Tightly sealed to keep out heat 2.
a. Identify causes & remove pollutants
b. Ventilation or mixing outdoor air with indoor air helps
c. Increase ventilation when renovating or painting

25. C. Radon gas radioactive 1. uranium
a. A radioactive element
b. Naturally in the Earth’s crust
2. holes & cracks in foundations into buildings
3. adheres to dust

26. a. Cancer dust genetic material Line air passages 1) second4.
dust
genetic material
Line air passages
a. Cancer
1) second
2) people who smoke

27. D. Asbestos Strength and resistance to heat 1. insulation
fire retardant
2. banned
a. From schools
3. in the air
a. Cut and scar lungs causing asbestosis
1) difficulty breathing
2) heart failure and to death

28. IX. Noise A. Unnecessary sounds
B. Human health & quality of human life C.
1. airplanes
2. construction equipment
3. city traffic
4. factories
5. home appliances
6. lawnmowers

29. D. Health 1. loss of hearing 2. high blood pressure 3. stress
4. loss of sleep
a. Decreased productivity at work or in class

30. E. Decibels (dB) Intensity of sound 1. 0 dB 2. 10 times higher
a. 10 X 10 dB
b. 30 dB
c. 40 dB dB
5. permanent deafness

31. X. Light A. Direct B. Environment 1. diminishes view of night sky
2. Energy waste
a. Directed upward & lost in space b.
1) billboards & other signs that are lit from below
2) lighting of building exteriors
3) poor quality street lights

32. c. Solutions 1) directed downward 2) using time controls
3) low-pressure sodium sources
a) most energy-efficient source of light

33. XI. Acid Precipitation (acid rain)
A. Burning fossil fuels
1. oxides of sulfur & nitrogen
2. sulfuric acid & nitric acid
a. Acid precipitation

34. 3. Over & through the ground, into lakes, rivers, & streams
4. living things
5. the decline or loss of some animals & plants

35. B. pH (power of hydrogen)
1. the more acidic
2. the more basic
3. tenfold change in acidity
4. neutral
a. Pure water

36. a. Carbon dioxide carbonic acid b. 5.6 c. Less than 5.0
5. Slightly acidic
a. Carbon dioxide
carbonic acid
b. 5.6
c. Less than 5.0

37. 6. geographic areas a. pH of 4.3 - 4.5 b. pH of 4.5 – 5.1
c. pH from 4.2 – 4.8
1) pH is 4.2
North America

38. 1. acidification a. a drop in pH of soil & water
b. balances of a soil’s chemistry
1) dissolved & washed away
2) aluminum & other toxic metals
a) root damage
c. Sulfur dioxide

39. 2. aquatic ecosystems a. Aquatic plants, fish, & other aquatic animals
b. Aluminum
1) fish gills
2) oxygen & salt exchange

40. c. Acid shock rapid change in the water’s pH
1) large numbers of fish to die
2) reproductive cycles fo fish & amphibians
a) produce fewer eggs
b) often eggs will not hatch
c) birth defects & cannot reproduce
d. Spraying powdered limestone (calcium carbonate)
1) all

41. 3. humans a. Toxins b. increase in respiratory problems
1) aluminum & mercury
2) crops, water, & fish
3) consume
b. increase in respiratory problems
c. fishermen & foresters
d. Buildings & monuments

42. 4. International a. One area & fall onto another
b. Canada-U.S. Air Quality Agreement of 1991

43. END OF NOTES ON CHAPTER 12 Study & do well on your chapter test!
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