1. APES REVIEW #4
Pollution

2. Toxicity
Based on Dosage
LD50
LC50
Threshold Dose
Acute
Chronic

3. Air Pollution Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Soot
Photochemical Smog
Industrial Smog
NOx
SOx
Acid Precipitation
Tropospheric Ozone
VOC’s
PAN’s

4. Air Pollution Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Soot
Photochemical Smog
Industrial Smog
NOx
SOx
Acid Precipitation
Tropospheric Ozone
VOC’s
PAN’s

5. The Dirty Half Dozen Criteria Pollutants
- most harmful to human health and welfare

6. The Dirty Half Dozen Criteria Pollutants
- most harmful to human health and welfare CO Pb O3
NO2
SO2
Particulates

7. Cause and Effect 1. CO 2. Pb 3. O3 4. NO2 5. SO2 6. Particulates
Nervous System Probs.
Suffocation
Forms Smog
Tissue Irritation
Acid Precipitation
Industrial Smog

8. Cause and Effect 1. CO 2. Pb 3. O3 4. NO2 5. SO2 6. Particulates
2. Nervous System Probs.
1. Suffocation
3, 4. Forms Smog
3, 5, 6. Tissue Irritation
4, 5. Acid Precipitation
6. Industrial Smog

9. Smog Industrial – LDC/Developing Country - gray smog Photochemical –
- brown smog
- O3 + NOx + VOCs
add heat

10. The Deadly CFC Chloroflurocarbons Long lasting
Good refrigerants and coolants
Non-reactive in troposphere
CFC + UV = Free Radicals

11. Ozone Depletion CH3Cl + hv  •CH3 + •Cl The main reaction with ozone
CFCl3 + hv (<290 nm)  •CFCl2 + Cl•
Cl• +O3  ClO • + O2
ClO • + O  Cl • + O2
Net Reaction = O3 + O  O2 + O2

12. Acid Precipitation NOx + H2O  HNO2 or HNO3 SOx + H2O  H2SO4 or H2SO3
Impact:
- acid shock – pH of water systems
- leach of minerals
- S and N in soil
- Calcium from conifers
- Release of Al3+ from soil
- human respiration
- chemical erosion

13. Controlling Acid Precipitation
CAA
Lime in soil and water
Buffers in soil (CaCO3)

14. Indoor Air Pollution VOCs CO Cigarette Smoke – emphysema - cancer
- general nastiness
- second hand smoke
Radon
Asbestos
Mold

15. Sick Building Syndrome
Symptoms
- irritation of nose, eyes, throat, skin
- nausea
- headaches
- neurological symptoms (concentration, memory, odor and taste perception)

16. Climate Change
Global Warming…..blah, blah, blah

17. Thermal Pollution
Heated water from electricity production into lakes, rivers and streams
Decrease in O2 concentrations
Thermal Shock

18. Heat Islands and Thermal Inversions

19. Water Pollution Fertilizer Pesticides Particulates Eutrophication
Exotic Species
Toxic Waste

20. Water Pollution Sources
Poop
Run-off
Illegal Dumping
Sediments
Hot and Cold Water

21. Measure of Water QualitypH
DO – dissolved oxygen
Hardness (minearal content: Ca2+ and Mg2+)
Turbidity: sediment

22. Treating Waste Water Primary Treatment: - Physical Treatment - screens
- settling tank
Secondary Treatment:
- biological treatment – bacteria and protists remove biologically degradable material
- generates methane  energy production?
Tertiary Treatment:
- chemical (chlorine) or UV processing
Final Water  rivers or allowed to trickle into aquifers
SLUDGE – the leftovers  landfill or processed to fertilizer (may have heavy metals)

23. Solid Waste Garbage: - recycle PAYT program – pay as you throw
- incentive
Landfills
- issues: leachate, space
- NIMBY (not in my backyard) – send it to New Jersey

24. LANDFILLS

25. Hazardous Waste Toxic Chemicals Ignitables Reactive Radioactive
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
“cradle to grave”
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act – Superfund – money comes from taxes on chemical and petroleum industries

26. Noise Pollution