1. Protein Synthesis: Translation
Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes
EQ: Why are the sequence of nucleotides in DNA so important?

2. Last class we used Transcription to turn
DNA RNA.
Today, we are going use Translation to turn RNA Protein.

3. Key Point1: Translation turns mRNA into a Protein, the building blocks of organisms

4. How Genes Are Read
Key point 2:
Common Language: Almost all organisms share the same genetic code
All genetic code is made of Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)

5. What does it mean to translate something?

6. Triplet Code: How Genes Are Read
Start Codon: signals the start of translation (ex: AUG)
Codon: 3-nucleotide sequence in mRNA
Stop Codon: signals the end of building the amino acid chain (protein)

7. 3-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that codes for an amino acid
Anticodon
3-nucleotide sequence in tRNA that codes for an amino acid

8. Translation
mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon and turns into amino acids (which fold to make proteins)

9. Where does protein synthesis and translation occur?
Inside the Ribosomes!

10. Process: Translation
After transcription, mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to the ribosome at the start codon where translation begins.
Translation

11. Process: Translation
2) The mRNA is “read” in sets of three nucleotides; mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon which code for different amino acids

12. Process: Translation
3) The amino acids bond together to create an amino acid chain (protein) until the stop codon is read.

13. Part of Translation 1. Ribosomes 2. mRNA 3. tRNA
5. Amino acid chain (protein)
4. Amino Acid

14. Translation Video

15. We can use this chart to decode RNA.
2nd Nucleotide
1st Nucleotide
3rd Nucleotide

16. Check for Understanding: AUG, GGU, AND CAA,
You Try: I NEED VOLUNTEERS!!!!!

17. Different look, same idea… Start in the center
Use this chart to
Decode the following:
ACC
- Tht
CUC
- Leu
GAA
- Glu
UAG
- Stop

18. Translation Practice: Write on notes
-Let’s practice translation! (Remember, 3 nucleotides=1 amino acid)
Use your Codon Chart on the back of the practice
mRNA strand: AUG CCC UUC GAA CAG UAA
amino acid chain: met- pro-

19. Translation practice:
mRNA strand: AUG CCC UUC GAA CAG UAA
amino acid chain: met- pro- phe- glu ac- glu- stop

20. Translation Practice C- level 2 voice
H – ask three before me, then raise your hand
A – Complete the translation practice worksheet with your group (15 min)
M- Remain seated with your pod (butt on the stool)
P- complete your own copy of the practice sheet
Success

21. Protein Synthesis: Mutations
Explain how mutations may or may not result in a phenotypic change.

22. What do you think caused these things to happen?
Mutations (gene expression)

23. Gene Mutations
Gene Mutations: Changes in DNA that affect genetic information
May or may not show in phenotype
Frameshift mutation: the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
Point mutation: one nucleotide is substituted for another

24. A mutation is a change in an organism’s DNA.

25. What Causes Mutations?
There are two ways in which DNA can become mutated:
Mutations can be inherited. (Parent to child)
Mutations can be acquired.
Environmental damage (UV light, radiation such as X- rays, chemicals in food, water, air, buildings, etc).
Mistakes when DNA is copied (DNA Polymerase makes mistakes about once every 100.
Mistakes during crossing over - exchange of DNA between chromosomal segments.

26. Chromosomal Mutations: affect many genes
Gene duplication: caused by the exchange of unequal segments during crossing over.
1 chromosome can have 2 copies of some genes and the other chromosome has no copies of those genes
Translocation: movement of a piece of one chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

27. Potential Impacts Most mutations are neutral
Examples: Eye color & Birth marks
Some mutations are harmful
Examples: Sickle Cell Anemia & Down Syndrome
Some mutations are beneficial
Examples: provides resistance to Malaria, Immunity to HIV

28. Silent
Some mutations have no apparent effect on phenotype (physical traits)
Gene mutations can be silent but not chromosome mutations
Mutagen
Agents in the environment that can change DNA
(UV light, radiation such as X-rays, chemicals in food, water, air, buildings

29. Mutations work C- level 2 voice H- ask three before me
A- Identifying mutations worksheet
M- remain seated (walking around without permission will result in a 0)
P- complete your own worksheet and tape into notebook
Success

30. Exit ticket!
Clear your desk!

31. RNA contains which bases?
A) adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
B) adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
C) thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
D) adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

32. A DNA strand with the sequence AACGTAACG is transcribed
A DNA strand with the sequence AACGTAACG is transcribed. What is the sequence of the mRNA molecule synthesized?
A) AACGTAACG
B) UUGCAUUGC
C) AACGUAACG
D) TTGCATTGC

33. Which of the following would most likely cause a mutation?
A. the placement of ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum
B. the insertion of a nucleotide into DNA
C. the movement of transfer RNA out of the nucleus
D. the release of messenger RNA from DNA

34. Which of the following identifies the process shown at point Z?
A. Translation
B. Translocation
C. Replication
D. Transcription

35. Protein synthesis (lab)
Simulate and explain the basic process of transcription and translation.

36. Bring it all together: Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation
Transcription- DNA to RNA
In the nucleus
Nucleotides: A, U, C, G
Translation is- RNA to protein
In the ribosomes
How many nucleotides code for an amino acid?
3= codon; mRNA codon pairs with tRNA anticodon to code for protein

37. Protein Synthesis Activity
What is the purpose?
Where can all the materials be found?
Who will you be working with?
How will you know you are doing it right?
How long will you have?

38. Protein Synthesis Lab C- level 2 voice H- ask three before me
A- In groups of 3, complete the process of protein synthesis moving from nucleus to ribosome.
M- remain at your ribosome (table) unless you are the mRNA transcribing the DNA
P- complete 3 complete protein synthesis sentences on your lab sheet
Success

39. Protein Synthesis Lab- Honors
C- level 2 voice
H- ask three before me
A- In groups of three, complete the process of protein synthesis moving from nucleus to ribosome (mRNA to tRNA to Protein)
M- remain at your ribosome (table) unless you are the mRNA transcribing the DNA or the tRNA anticodon
P- complete 3 complete protein synthesis sentences on your lab sheet
Success

40. Semantic map: protein synthesis
Transcription
DNA
mRNA
Nucleus
Ribosome
Amino acid
Protein
Uracil
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Codon
anticodon
RNA polymerase
Translation
tRNA
Polypeptide

41. Exit ticket
Clear your desk!

42. Use the terms to describe protein synthesis:
Amino acid
Nucleus
Translation
Transcription
Ribosome
codon/anticodon
DNA/RNA
Protein