1. History of Architecture
Presented by:
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky
9/18/2018

2. History of Architecture
Week 1
9/18/2018

3. What is History of Architecture?
The history of shelters men have built for themselves and for their gods.
It is the history of way of life: Architecture is part of our personal history –we are born, work and play, learn and teach and worship, we sell and buy, etc in buildings.
It is the history of the rise ,development and decadence of building techniques
It is an expression of what men thought of life and death of each other and of their gods.
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

4. Why do we study History of Architecture?
To learn from others
By studying particular solutions, architects gain better understanding of how their own problems differ or might be solved
By understanding the complexity of past architectural problems today's architects will be less inclined to simplistic solutions that leave out important human and architectural factors
it opens up the enjoyment of contemporary buildings with an appreciation of their purpose, meaning, and charm (attractiveness)
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

5. Introduction
Factors that affect the Architecture Constant factors (natural)
geographic factors,
geological factors,
climate Variable factors (related to humans)
religion,
social & political factors,
history and culture
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

6. Stone Age (6500-5700BC) Pre-historic Architecture
Egyptian (2700BC) العمارة المصرية
Neolithic (2000 BC) العصر الحجرى الحديث
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

7. Egyptian (2700BC) العمارة المصرية Greek (1200BC) العمارة اليونانية
Roman (753BC- 480AD) العمارة الرومانية
Byzantine( AD) العمارة البيزنطية
Romanesque العمارة الرومانسية
Gothic Style( AD) العمارة القوطية
Renaissance( AD) عصر النهضة
Baroque( AD العصر الباروكى
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

8. Stone Age ( BC)
Neolithic culture in Catal Huyuk, Turkey had some of the first homes with interior decoration.
Decorations included wall paintings, plaster reliefs, animal heads, benches and pillars.
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

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Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

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Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

11. Egyptian Architecture
Egyptian (2700BC)
Egyptian Architecture
A.General characteristics
B.Building Types
C.Historical periods
D.Examples
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

12. General Characteristics
Nile Valley – most influential civilization
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

13. General Characteristics
The key to Egypt’s history is the Nile.
The longest river in the world (6,648 km) formed by Blue Nile from Ethiopia and White Nile from Lake Victoria.
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

14. General Characteristics
It left a precious gift –the black soil carried down from Ethiopia
The Egyptian call their country kemet= black land
What laid beyond to the east and west was the desert –the red land which put clearly defined limit.
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

15. General Characteristics
The Nile - rich life blood which runs in the veins of Egypt
flowing South to North –from the Upper Egypt to the lower.
on its banks they founded their cities for the living and the dead
trade was actively carried on
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

16. General Characteristics
The other major determinant was the sun
Together the basic elements of nature establish a single spatial structure, with the Nile flowing from South to North and the sun rising in the east and setting in the west perpendicular to the river.
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

17. General Characteristics
The two axes of river and sun form the basis of the orthogonal grid of Egyptian fields and cities
Its climate is dry and varied little (stable) –contributed for the preservation of buildings.
They want to embody a constant eternal order
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

18. Religion
In Egyptian religion –most of the many gods represented forces of nature
Example:
Ra –the sun God
Shu–air
Tefnut–moisture
Nut –Sky
Geb–earth
Orisis–of fertility and resurrection
Seth –aridity and destruction
Isis –Motherhood
Nepthys-Sisterhood
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

19. Boundary
Egypt was protected by mountains and cataracts (small waterfalls) to the South
By the desert to the east and west
By the Mediterranean to the North
No standing army until late in their history
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

20. Building Materials Mud brick and stone limestone, sandstone granite
Stone – tombs and temples
Bricks – sun dried and fire burnt bricks for palaces and fortresses
Mud houses
Poor in metals
Character – walls and roofs
Massive structures with thick sloping walls and few openings
Use of arch was developed at the IV dynasty
All monuments are post and lintel construction
With flat roofs supported by walls and columns
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

21. Architectural character
Architectural character - columns
Distinctive character for Egyptian columns
Vegetable origin
Shafts – bundles of stems gathered in at the base
Capitals – lotus bud, papyrus flower
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

22. Monumental architectural character
Columnar and trabeated style
Pyramids, tombs and temples
Temples - Complex of buildings
Temples approached by impressive avenues of sphinxes
Sphinx - Head of a man and body of a lion
Massive pylons, great courts, hypostyle halls, inner sanctuaries, etc
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

23. Historical periods
The kings of ancient Egypt are known as Pharaohs (great house –Hebrew)
The pharaohs were divided into 30 dynasties by Manetho, an Egyptian priest, BC 300)
1. Ancient kingdom (Dyn. I-XI) –3500 –2466 BC
Capital –Memphis
Pharaohs
Trade control
Labour control
Mastabas
The great pyramids
Absolute power
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

24. Historical periods 2. Middle kingdom (XII –XVII) BC 2466-1600
Social order out of anarchy
Set boundaries for provinces
3. New empire (XVIII –XXX) BC 1600 –322
Unprecedented prosperity
Capital –Thebes
Great temples and tombs
The Persians (521 –486) -Darius
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

25. Historical periods 4. The Ptolemaic period
Egypt became a Greek province –Alexander the Great
Capital was Alexandria
Ptolemy –Macedonian Family after the death of Alexander.
His sister is Cleopatra Cleopatra (right) (c bc), the last member of the Ptolemaic dynasty to rule Egypt (51-30 bc)
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

26. Historical periods 5. The Roman period (BC 30 –AD 395)
On the death of Cleopatra Egypt became a Roman Province
Caesar was the emperor
Christianity –AD 324 by Constantine
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

27. Examples 1. Saqqara The stepped pyramid of Zoser Mastabas 2. Giza
Royal pyramids
the pyramid of Cheops
the pyramid of Chephren
The pyramid of Mycerinus
The Sphinx
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

28. Saqqara - The stepped pyramid of Zoser
3rd dynasty (2750 BC) –Zoser
Imhotep–the first recorded architect
Substituted limestone for mud brick
Zoser’s temple and pyramid complex –was enclosed in a wall 10.4m
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

29. Saqqara - The stepped pyramid of Zoser
The step pyramid of King Zoser, built of local limestone was the first monumental royal tomb and is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

30. Saqqara - Mastabas Rectangular tombs with slightly sloping walls
Mastaba = bench in Arab
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

31. Development of Pyramids
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

32. Development of Pyramids
The Bent Pyramid, constructed in Egypt during the reign of King Sneferu (2575 bc-2551 bc), was constructed in two stages. In the first stage, the architects built the walls at an angle of 55 degrees. Then they encountered structural problems and flattened the angle to 43 degrees. The pyramid’s unusual shape gave it its name
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

33. Giza – Royal Pyramids 3 Royal pyramids
the pyramid of Cheops(Khufu)
the pyramid of Chephren(Khafre)
The pyramid of Mycerinus(Menkaure)
Foremost among the Seven Wonders of the World
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

34. The Pyramids of Giza
b.c
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

35. Pyramids of Giza The Royal Pyramids 4th Dynasty (2680 –2560 BC)
Carefully aligned on the NS and EW axes
Cheops–230mx230 m, 146 m high and 52 degrees angle
Chephren–215mx215m (210), 136m high and 53 degrees angle
Mycerinus–108m x 108m, 66m high and 50 degrees angle
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

36. Pyramids of Giza
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

37. The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
Cheops – 2nd king of the IV dynasty
Largest of the three
756 ft square on plan
480 ft. high
Area of 13 acres
Four sides face the cardinal points
51°52″ with the ground
The mortuary temple stood axially in front of the pyramid (consecration, veneration and gifts)
The Valley temple for purification and mummification
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

38. The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
3 separate internal chambers
King’s Chamber (granite sarcophagus is located)
Queen’s chamber
Subterranean chamber
Entrance – 24 ft off-centre and 55 ft above
Queen's chamber at a height of 70 ft
Sealed off before completion
Constructed the Grand Gallery – passage 7’ wide and 7’6” high – covered by a ramped, corbelled vault
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

39. The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
King’s Chamber
17ft wide and 19ft high
Lined in granite
Vestibule has 3 granite slabs to seal the chamber after the burial
Elaborate chamber covering
5 tiers of great stone beams ranged one above the other with a void space between the layers
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

40. The Great Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)
Above them is an embryonic vault of pairs of inclined stones
Two shafts (8”x6”) lead from the King’s chamber to the outer face of the pyramid for ventilation or to allow the free passage of the spirit of the dead king
Built solidly of local stone
Cased in finely dressed Tura limestone
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

41. Sphinx A gigantic human headed lion, entirely carved out of rock
21m high and 73m long
In the likeness of king Chephren
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

42. The Great Sphinx built on the orders of the pharaoh Khafre
3rd millennium bc.
In ancient Egypt, the sphinx was the symbol of royal power
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

43. History of Architecture
Week 2
9/18/2018

44. The Temples Of two main classes
Cult temple (worship of ancient and mysterious gods) and mortuary (funerary) temple (ministration to deified Pharaohs)
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

45. The Funerary temple tombs, Beni Hasan
b.c.
Belong to a provincial great family
Wholly rock hewn
Consists of a chamber behind a porticoed façade
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

46. The Cult temples Rectangular palisaded court
Columned vestibule or hypostyle hall
Sanctuary and other rooms for the priesthood
Main entrance gateway – towering pylons
Processions common
The whole temple stood within a great enclosure and about it were houses of the priests, official buildings, stores, granaries and a sacred lake
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

47. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
b.c.
Grandest of all Egyptian temples
Built by many kings
Site -1200x360 ft.
Immense enclosure
With other temples and a sacred lake
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

48. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Avenue of sphinxes to the Temple of Luxor
6 pairs of pylons
Consists of various courts and halls leading to the sanctuary
A great entrance court gives entrance to the vast hypostyle hall
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

49. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Avenue of sphinxes to the Temple of Luxor
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

50. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Consists of various courts and halls leading to the sanctuary
A great entrance court gives entrance to the vast hypostyle hall
Hypostyle hall
338x170 ft. internally
Roof – enormous slabs of stone
Supported by 134 columns in 16 rows
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

51. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Hypostyle Hall
Central avenues are about 78 ft (24m) in height supported by columns with papyrus flower capital ( bell type)
Side avenues are lower with columns of papyrus bud capital (bud type)
Clerestory lighting for the first time
Forest of columns is awe-inspiring
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

52. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Hypostyle hall columns
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

53. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
Hypostyle Hall
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

54. The Great Temple of Amun, Karnak
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

55. Assignment 2 Pyramids of Egypt The Temple of Amon, Karnak
Site plan showing the Pyramid of Cheops, Chephren and Mycerinus
Section of the pyramid of Cheops
Section of the King’s chamber
The Temple of Amon, Karnak
Site plan of the Temple
Plan of the Temple of Amon
Section of the hypostyle hall
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

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Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

57. Neolithic (2000BC)
Stonehenge, an astronomical observatory of the day, helped to mature the geometrical sense of humans.
This period added a feeling of order, symmetry, and rhythm important today in modern design.
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Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

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60. Greek (1200BC)
Used 3 architectural styles:- Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.
This design was typified by flat roofs resting on high columns.
The Greeks also contributed stone reliefs and sculptures to modern day design.
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

61. The Parthenon is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered one of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy, and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments.
9/18/2018
Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky

62. Greek Orders
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Dr. Mamdouh I. Zaky