1. Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
Will Cronin and Hannah Sauer

2. Scientific Revolution
Period of Time - ( )
Occurred after the Renaissance; was stimulated by Renaissance (revival of Greek knowledge - Aristotle)
Developments in mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, etc. changed views of society and nature
Fueled by navigational problems; sailors needed to chart their positions accurately

3. Important people of the Sci. Rev.
Copernicus - mathematician that developed a model of the universe, where the earth rotated around the sun (heliocentric)
Galileo - mathematician and astronomer formulated law of inertia and experimental method. He also supported the copernican theory.
Newton- father of calculus and developed modern physics who developed the law of universal gravitation

4. Effects of the Sci. Rev.
Pros:
Improvements in techniques in navigation, facilitated overseas trade, and helped enrich leading merchants
Improved way of obtaining knowledge - scientific method
Creation of an international scientific community; scholars could engage in discourse about theories and ideas, thus expanding knowledge.
Cons:
The field of science became competitive at the time
Introduced scientific method - highly critical; differed from old way of obtaining information
Few practical and applied developments for the betterment of society
People became less religious (scientific proof)
People began to question society and doctrines
Which led to the Enlightenment...

5. Enlightenment Intellectual movement during the 17th and 18th centuries
Methods of natural science could and should be used to examine and understand all aspects of life
People began to question their government and request their rights

6. People and Important Ideas
Descartes
“I Think, Therefore I am”
belief in one’s own existence
John Locke
natural rights: “Life liberty and property”
Locke believed in
Hobbes
Humans were naturally bad; put security over freedoms and people should give obedience to a person or group empowered to decide every social and/or political issue
Montesquieu
Believed in a separation of powers, specifically of church and state

7. Why do we care? Led to the belief in educating people
Led to the Industrial Revolution
Slavery was now seen by most as barbaric
Because of the Enlightenment, people began to question their government and demand equal rights
This essentially ignited the French Revolution

8. French Revolution

9. Origins began as a revolt of the aristocracy
wanted to break down Louis XIV’s Absolutist system
French inspired by the American Revolution
after Enlightenment, desired liberty and equality
liberty = human rights, government with sovereign people, representation, written constitution, self-determination, freedom of property
equality = rights and civil liberties, equality before law, no “rich advantage”, equality of opportunity, “Careers Open to Talent”

10. The Estates General and the 3rd Estate
Estates General -- an old feudal system
had 3 estates:
clergy -- 1st
nobility/aristocracy -- 2nd
all others -- 3rd
1st and 2nd estates had majority of votes but only made up about 2-3% of the population
3rd estate was mainly middle class and the bourgeoisie
aristocracy and bourgeoisie overlapped by 1789 (old money vs. new money)

11. Classical Liberalism supports a system of laws
Estates General → National Assembly (June 1789)
had power to frame a constitution → The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
took away 3rd estate’s voice

12. Robespierre and the Reign of Terror
Maximilien Robespierre -- Jacobin that formed his own sect
invented the guillotine
executed 40,000 “enemies of the nation” (mainly consisted of 3rd estate)
followers turned against him on July 28, 1794
death by own invention

13. Napoleon overthrew Directory in 1799 became French emperor in 1804
failed to defeat Great Britain and exiled to Elba in 1814
gained power again in 1815 (Hundred Days)
defeated at Waterloo and brought to exile in St. Helena, where he died
Napoleonic Code -- granted equality of all male citizens before the law; granted absolute security of wealth and private property
Bank of France -- served interests of both state and financial oligarchy

14. Congress of Vienna
formed after Napoleon’s first defeat to reestablish old order
Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria, Papal States
wanted to ensure peace
restored Bourbon monarchy to France → Louis XVIII
leader of CoV was Klemens von Metternich (Austrian foreign minister)
reshaped borders in Europe
middle class revolted
beginning of continent-wide European diplomacy