1. Transformation of Europe

2. Protestant Reformation

3. Luther to Archbishop of Mainz
“Papal indulgences for the building of St. Peter's are circulating under your most distinguished name, and as regards them, I do not bring accusation…so much as I grieve over the wholly false impressions which the people have conceived from them.”

4. The Spread of the Printing Press

5. Who is Martin Luther? German Monk Wrote 95 Theses
Desired to reform the corrupt practice of the Church
Printing Press help spread ideas quickly
Popular Figure Among
Peasants
Princes
Merchants

6. Teachings Martin Luther Salvation by faith only
Believers interpret Bible
Bible in vernacular
Catholic Church
Salvation by faith + GOOD WORKS (charity)
Priest and clergy need to interpret the bible
Bible should be printed in Latin

7. The Spread of Lutheranism

8. Calvin’s World in the 16c

9. John Calvin Created his own Protestant religion in Geneva, Switzerland
Salvation through Predestination
Purified approach to life

10. Reformation Continues
Anglicanism: England
Henry VIII- head of church
Presbyterian
John Knox-Scotland

12. Church Response Counter Reformation
Goals:
Counter growth of Protestants
Restore faith of members
Eliminate abuses
Inquisition – Witch Hunts
Jesuits – St. Ignatius of Loyola
Council of Trent
Reaffirmed Power of Pope
Need faith and good works = salvation
Sale of Indulgences Banned

13. Impact on Western Europe
Destroyed religious unity
Developed new religions
Raised religious tensions
Church Power (decrease) vs. Monarch Power (increase)
Rise of Nation-States (countries)
Increase in Education

16. Rise of the Nation-State

17. Consolidation of Sovereign States
Europe = Region of Independent States
No Central Administration
No Dominant State
Powerful Monarchs Emerge
Build Finances
Increase Political Power
Role of Protestant Reformation
Standing Armies

18. Constitutional States
England
Civil War ( )  Glorious Revolution  English Bill of Rights
Constitutional Monarchy
Netherlands
Independence from Spanish
Republic

19. Absolute Monarchies (DIVINE RIGHT)
France
Louis XIV – “The Sun King” (r – 1715)
L’etat C’est Moi
Versailles
LAWS, STANDING ARMY, EXPANSION
Economic Development
Abolished Internal Tariffs
Encouraged Exports
Built Roads/Canal

20. Russia Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) Tsarist Rule Peter the Great
The Great WESTERNIZER
Grand Embassy
Reformed Army, Administration, CULTURE
St. Petersburg
Catherine the Great
Administrative Provinces
Economic Development + Protected right of commoners
Rebellion

21. European States System
State Building  Conflict
30 Years War  Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Regarded each other as Sovereign and Equal
Balance of Power Diplomacy
Security Dilemma

22. The Commercial Revolution

23. Commercial Revolution
Columbian Exchange
New Goods  Population Growth + Urbanization
Cities-Marketplaces/Political Centers
Madrid, London, Paris
Capitalism
Private parties operate in a FREE MARKET
Guided by the laws of supply and demand

24. Banking – Savings/Loans Insurance Cos Joint Stock Cos
Government support for Capitalism
Increased role of MERCHANTS
Mediation of conflicts and issues
Capitalism  Imperialism

25. Manufacturing Guilds – Contrary to Capitalist Ideology
Putting Out System
“Protoindustrialization”

26. Social Implications of Commercial Revolution
Putting Out System Incomes – Financial Independence
Lack of cities – Undermines Peasantry
Russian Serfdom
Dominance of W. Europe over E. Europe
Morality of Profit Making?
Adam Smith  SELF INTEREST

27. SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

28. Scientific Method

29. Who’s Who? Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei Rene Descartes
Heliocentric Theory: Sun-Centered Universe
Galileo Galilei
Perfected the Telescope
Rene Descartes
“I Think, Therefore I am”
Isaac Newton
Laws of Gravity

30. The Church Church opposed Scientific Revolution
Scientists viewed as heretics