1. Chapter 36
Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa, and Latin America

2. Arthur Balfour
In 1917, seeking help from Jews in Palestine during the war, British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour wrote to a Zionist leader, expressing his clear support for the formation of a Jewish state.
Balfour’s comments later became known as the Balfour Declaration.

3. India’s Quest for Home Rule
Indian National Congress founded 1885, to promote self-rule
Initial support from both Hindus and Muslims
Original position in favor or collaboration with British, after World War I moved to opposition
British encouraged development of Muslim League (1906) to blunt Congress
Woodrow Wilson, Lenin inspirations to movement

4. Mohandas K. Gandhi ( )
Hindu, studied law in London, practiced in South Africa
Opposed apartheid
Returned to India 1915, made Indian National Congress into a mass movement
Titled Mahatma: “great soul”
Opposed caste system

5. Gandhi

6. Gandhi’s Passive Resistance
Ahimsa: non-violence
Satyagraha: passive resistance (“truth and firmness”)
Non-cooperation Movement ( )
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
Boycott of British Institutions
Armritsar Massacre (1919)

7. “ [British rule] has impoverished the dumb millions by a system of progressive exploitation…It has reduced us politically to serfdom. It has sapped the foundations of our culture…and degraded us spiritually.” – Mahatma Gandhi

8. “I believe in the doctrine of non-violence as a weapon of the strongest. I believe that a man is the strongest soldier for daring to die unarmed with his breast bare before the enemy.” - Mahatma Gandhi

9. The Salt Satyagraha (Salt March)
Gandhi urged people to gain independence by nonviolently refusing to cooperate with the government, a form of civil disobedience called passive resistance. This included boycotting British goods and refusing to pay taxes.
Satyagraha is the philosophy of nonviolent resistance.
Gandhi's definition of Satyagraha relied on three basic tenets: satya or truth, implying openness, honesty, and fairness; ahimsa, meaning physical and mental non-violence; and tapasya, literally penance, in this context self-sacrifice.
On March 12, 1930 lead 78 followers on a 240 mile march to the sea, where salt was readily available, but forbidden to be taken.

10. Gandhi during the Salt March, March 1930

11. Mahatma Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu during 1930 Salt March
Mahatma Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu during 1930 Salt March. Sarojini Naidu and was a freedom fighter and poet. Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the President of the Indian National Congress and the first woman to become the governor of a state in India.

12. The Government of India Act (1937)
Creation of autonomous legislature
600 nominally sovereign princes refuse to cooperate
Muslim fears of Hindu dominance
Traditional economic divide
Especially severe with Great Depression
Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( ) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan

13. Muhammad Ali Jinnah & The Muslim League
While the Hindus continued to protest British rule, the Muslims in India organized for their own rights in the Muslim League.
They were led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
The Muslim League demanded their own Muslim state, separate from India.
This state would be Pakistan.
Jinnah with Gandhi, 1944

14. The Partition: August 15, 1947

16. The Republic of China
Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate
Sun Yatsen ( ) proclaims Republic of China in 1912
Political anarchy follows
Independent warlord exercise local control

17. Sun Yat-sen and the Republic of China
When workers, peasants, students and warlords toppled the monarchy in 1911, Sun Yat-sen named president of the new Republic of China.

18. “Three Principles of the People”
The people’s government, the people’s rights, and the people’s livelihood. The principles called for:
Political unification and an end to foreign influence.
A gradual change to democratic government with full personal liberties and rights for all Chinese people.
Economic improvements that included industrialization and a more equal distribution of land.

19. Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) Created Nationalist People’s Party (Guomindang)
Accepts support from Soviet Union
Members of the Chinese Communist Party also join Guomindang

20. Chinese Nationalism May Fourth Movement
Students, urban intellectuals protest foreign interference
Especially Japanese interference
Marxism increases in popularity
Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai (1921)
Leader: Mao Zedong ( )

21. Civil War
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek, ) takes over after death of Sun Yatsen
Launches military expedition to unify China, turns against communist allies
Communists flee 6,215 miles to north-west China, 1934: The Long March
Mao Zedong leads, elucidates Chinese communism (Maoism)

22. The struggle for control in china, 1927 -1936

23. Imperialist Japan
Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit imperialist activity,
Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations
Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater assertion of Japanese power in the region
China a soft target

24. The Mukden Incident (1931)
Japanese troops in Manchuria, China, secretly blow up small parts of the Japanese-built South Manchuria Railroad as pretext for war
Over opposition of Japanese civilian government, military takes Manchuria, renames it Manchukuo, a puppet state
League of Nations censures Japan, Japan leaves the League of Nations

25. Africa and the Great War
African colonies participate in World War I
Allies invade German-controlled colonies
Africans encouraged to fight white soldiers
Many Europeans left to be deployed elsewhere
Encouraged local rebellions, challenges to European domination

26. Africa’s New Elite Post-war class of elite
Often influenced by education, other experiences abroad
Jomu Kenyatta ( ), Kenyan nationalist
Moved to create modern nation-states in Africa
Pan-Africanism promoted by Marcus Garvey (Jamaica, )
“Back to Africa”

27. Latin American Developments
Reaction against U.S. influence protested by university students
Explore alternate political ideologies, esp. Marxism
Fidel Castro (Cuba, )
José Carlos Mariátegui (Peru, )
Aritst Diego Rivera (Mexico, )

28. Fidel Castro (1926- )

29. United States Economic Domination
Great War ensures US domination
Huge capital investment in Latin America, export of raw materials
US economic neocolonialism under President William Howard Taft ( )
“dollar diplomacy”
“Yankee imperialism”

30. The United States in Latin America, 1895-1941

31. The “Good Neighbor Policy”
Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( )
Avoids direct intervention by supporting local leaders
US Marines train local militias

32. FDR

33. Nicaraguan Developments
Civil war in Nicaragua, 1920s
US supports Anastacio Somoza Garcia ( )
Augusto César Sandino leads opposition to US influence
Somoza assassinates Sandino in 1934
Maintains good relations with US

34. Mexican Developments
Roosevelt formally renounces intervention as per Monroe Doctrine, 1933
Lázaro Cárdenas ( ) nationalizes Mexican oil industry in 1938
Previously controlled by US, British interests
Roosevelt convinces US, British businesses to accept $24 million in compensation ($260 sought)
US wants to retain support of Mexico with approaching war
Also, increasing dependence on Mexican immigrant labor