1. Maintaining Homeostasis: Nutrient Absorption

2. How many different systems do you see?3
1. Digestive
2. Respiratory
3. Circulatory

3. Match each system with its function and complete the following table:
What system do the products go to? (use arrows)
Function of system
Digestive system
 Circulatory System
 To break down food in to small molecules to be absorbed
Respiratory system
 Circulatory system
 To take in oxygen from the environment to be absorbed
Circulatory system
 Respiratory system (CO2), waste
 To circulate food and oxygen for cellular respiration

4. glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O O CO H2O + 36 ATP
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
1. Where does the glucose come from? Food 2. Where does the oxygen come from? Breathing 3. What are the final products of cellular respiration? CO2, H2O, ATP 4. In which organelle does this take place in our cells? Mitochondria

5. Digestive systems of kingdom Animalia
Types of digestive systems:
Filter feeder
Digestive cavity:
1 opening
(Gastrovascular cavity)
Digestive tract:
2 openings
Description of system:
Aquatic animals that strain tiny floating organisms from water
Digestive chamber with food entering and waste exiting through one opening.
2 openings: mouth, anus.
Picture of system:
Examples
Sponges
Cnidarians, Flatworms
Roundworms, Earthworms, Mollusks, Arthropods, Mammals

6. Human Digestive System
Purpose: converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food and eliminates waste
Parts of the System:
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum/colon
accessory organs include the salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

7. How the Digestive System Works:
Digestion begins in the mouth
chemical digestion – salivary glands produce
amylase which begins to break down sugars
and starches
mechanical digestion – teeth grind and break
down food into smaller pieces
esophagus – moves food from mouth to stomach using peristalsis
(smooth muscle contractions)

8. stomach – food is combined with acids (pH 1-2) and enzymes (chemical digestion); the stomach muscles squeeze and contract (mechanical digestion)
chyme – partially digested food
cardiac sphincter – ring of muscle at top of stomach to keep food inside
pyloric sphincter – ring of muscle at bottom of stomach to keep food pushed into small intestine from re-entering stomach

9. small intestine – absorption of food molecules into the blood takes place here with the help of enzymes
inner surface of small intestine heavily folded and lined with small finger-like projections called villi
this creates a large surface area for nutrient absorption

10. large intestine – absorbs water and compacts waste
rectum/anus – releases wastes outside the body
Smooth muscle lining the digestive organs moves food through in a one-way direction (peristalsis)
Click on picture

11. Accessory organs of the digestive system:
Bile Duct
pancreas
Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
Produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
liver
Produces bile, aids in the digestion of fats
Bile is stored in a pouch under the liver, the gall bladder
Liver
Pancreas
Stomach

12. Homeostasis and Internal Feedback Mechanisms:
Glucose is primary source of energy
for body
Constant supply of glucose must be
maintained in the blood, but must
be kept in balance so as not to
damage cells
Hormones produced by pancreas,
glucagon and insulin, help cells
maintain homeostasis with regard
to blood sugar

13. Fun Facts
Because smooth muscles in the esophagus contract in waves in a single direction, any food you ate would reach your stomach even if you were standing on your head.
Humans produce about 1.7 liters of saliva per day.
The average male will eat about 50 tons of food over his lifetime to sustain a weight of 150 pounds!
DIGESTION

14. Respiratory systems of Kingdom Animalia
Simple Complex

15. Human respiratory system
Purpose:
Provides O2 to the blood for cellular respiration in the cells and removes produced CO2 from the body
Exchange of gases occurs through the walls of the sacs of the lungs
Structures:
Nasal Cavity (Nose)
warms, filters, moistens air as it
passes over mucous membrane
Pharynx (Throat)
Located where the passages from
the nose and mouth come together

16. Epiglottis Larynx (Voice Box) Trachea (Windpipe)
Flap of elastic tissue that forms a lid over the opening of the trachea
Larynx (Voice Box)
Located between the pharynx and the trachea
Contains two ligaments—vocal cords—that produce sound (vibrate) when air moves through them
Trachea (Windpipe)
Tube through which air moves from the pharynx to the lungs (stiff cartilage)

17. Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Two short tubes which direct air into right and left lungs
Bronchioles
Millions of smaller tubes that branch off each bronchi
Alveoli
Small sacs found at the end of the
bronchioles that are surrounded by
capillaries
site of gas exchange: oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange places in the capillaries

18. Diaphragm
Sheet of muscle below the lungs that separate chest cavity (thorax) from the abdominal cavity
Contracts and relaxes to help inflate and deflate the lungs

19. Respiratory Processes:
Breathing:
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
External Respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the capillaries of the alveoli and the air
occurs in the lungs

20. Internal Respiration (Cellular Respiration):
the process by which cells get energy from the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen
occurs in the mitochondria of the cells
Why do we breathe faster during exercise?
Because there is elevated amounts of CO2 in the blood stream

21. Let’s Review:
After food is broken down/digested, what system do the molecules diffuse to?
CIRCULATORY
After you take a breath, in to what system does the oxygen diffuse to?
CIRCULATORY

22. Circulatory Systems of Kingdom Animalia:

23. Human Circulatory System
Purpose: To transport oxygen and nutrients to all the cells in the body and to take carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells of the body
Structures:
heart: main organ that pumps blood
blood vessels: tubes through which blood travels

24. arteries: carry blood away from heart
veins: carry blood toward heart
capillaries: smallest blood vessels; where exchange of nutrients and wastes takes place by diffusion

25. blood: liquid including red and white blood cells and platelets
plasma: thick, yellowish liquid in which blood cells are suspended
red blood cells: carry O2 and remove CO2 (transported by the protein hemoglobin)
white blood cells: help fight disease
platelets: help form blood clots

27. Open Circulatory System: blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels
Blood comes in direct contact with the tissues and eventually makes its way back to the heart
Characteristic of arthropods and most mollusks

28. Closed Circulatory System: heart or heart-like organ forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body
Blood stays within these vessels
Materials reach body tissues by
diffusing across the walls of the blood
vessels
Characteristic of larger, more active animals
Because blood trapped within the blood
vessels is kept at high pressure, it can be
circulated more efficiently than in an open
circulatory system

29. Single Loop Circulation
Most single-loop vertebrates use gills for respiration
Forces blood around body in one direction
Double Loop Circulation –located in vertebrates that use lungs for respiration

30. First loop – carries blood between heart and lungs
Oxygen poor blood from the heart is pumped to the lungs while oxygen-rich blood from the lungs returns to the heart
Second loop – carries blood between heart and body
Oxygen-rich blood from the heart is pumped to the body, while oxygen-poor blood from the body returns to the heart.

31. BIG IDEAS!
Where does the circulatory system take the molecules from your food and oxygen from your lungs?
What process do your cells use oxygen and molecules (glucose) for?
What do we get from this process?
To all the cells in your body
Cellular Respiration
ATP!