1. Nationalism and the spread of Democracy
Topic 14

2. Revolutions Sweep Europe
Topic 14.1

3. Ideologies: system of thought and belief
Clash of Ideologies
Ideologies: system of thought and belief
LIBERALS
CONSERVATIVES
Ideas appealed to middle class of educated business people and professionals
Ideas appealed to royalty, nobility, church leaders, and uneducated peasants
GOALS:
Governments based on written constitutions
Separation of powers
Natural rights of individuals (liberty, equality, and property)
Republican form of government
Laissezfaire economics
Revolution, if necessary, to achieve goals
Royal families on their thrones
Traditional social hierarchy
Authority of established churches
Respect and obedience to authority
Stability and order
Suppression of revolutions
Opposed freedom of the press (Prince Metternich, Austrian politician)

4. Rebellions Erupt in Eastern Europe
Serbia Gains Independence: gradually Serbia gained a degree of autonomy (self-rule) within the Ottoman empire
Greeks Revolt Against Ottoman Rule: long bloody wars will finally grant independence in the late 1820s for some Greek provinces and by 1830 gaining total independence provided the Greeks accept a German prince as their king (Otto von Wittelsbach)
Spain, Portugal, and several Italian States demanded constitutional governments. Although troops were able to dampen the fires of liberalism and nationalism they could not smother them, in the next decades the sparks would flare anew.

5. Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
The Congress of Vienna had restored Louis XVIII to the French throne. He issued a constitution, the Charter of French Liberties. The “ultras” despised the constitution.
When Louis XVIII died, Charles X inherited the throne; he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press(absolutism). The citizens in Paris threw up barricades and fired on the soldiers, pelted them with stones and roof tiles, within days, rebels controlled Paris. Charles X abdicated (renounce one’s throne) and fled to England.

6. “Citizen King” Louis Philippe
Once Charles X abdicated, the Liberals insisted on a constitutional monarchy and chose Louis Philippe as king.
He owed his throne to the people
Under his rule, the upper bourgeoisie prospered
Extended suffrage to France’s wealthier citizens
His other policies favored the middle class at the expense of the workers
Louis Philippe

7. The Revolution of 1848 in France
By the 1840s, discontent in France was again reaching a boiling point.
Industrial Revolution was changing life in France, especially in the cities
Radicals still wanted a republic
Utopian socialists called for an end to private ownership of property
Liberals denounced Louis Philippe’s government for corruption
Discontent grew when a recession hit France

8. Unrest and Revolt “February Days” “June Days” Feb 1848
Government prevents public meetings
People hit the streets: overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees blocked the streets
Men and women behind the barricades sang revolutionary anthem
Louis Philippe abdicated; the people proclaimed the Second Republic
“June Days”
In June, upper- and middle-class interests had won control of the government
They saw the national workshops as a waste of money and shut them down.
Furious workers again took to the streets of Paris however this time the bourgeois liberals turned violently against the protesters
At least 1,500 people were killed before the government crushed the rebellion

9. Napoleon III Louis Napoleon
By the end of 1848, the National Assembly issued a constitution for the Second Republic; it created a strong president and a one-house legislature
Also, gave the vote to all adult men
Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, had an overwhelming win
By 1852, he proclaimed himself emperor, taking the title Napoleon III, thus ending the Second Republic
Brought rapid economic growth however in time his foreign adventures would bring down his empire and end French leadership in Europe.
Louis Napoleon

10. Latin American Nations Win Independence
Topic 14.2

11. Fewest People
Most Power
PENINSULARES: People born in Spain who dominated political and social life
CREOLES: People who descended from European families and owned the haciendas, ranches, and mines
MESTIZOS: People born of Native American and European descent
MULATTOES: People born of African and European descent
NATIVE AMERICANS AND SLAVES
Most People
Least Power