1. 18/09/2018
Use, Misuse and Abuse
(Edexcel)
W Richards
The Weald School

2. The effect of drugs Brain damage Personality change Liver damage
18/09/2018
Brain damage
Personality change
Liver damage
Alcohol
Solvents
Hallucinations
Bad judgement
Addiction
Organ damage

3. Smoking Cigarettes contain 3 harmful things:
18/09/2018
Cigarettes contain 3 harmful things:
NICOTINE, which is an ___________ drug that raises the heart beat, narrows the arteries and so causes ____ _____ _____. This leads to heart _________.
TAR, which coats the lining of the _______ making them less able to take in oxygen. It also contains carcinogens which cause ______________.
CARBON MONOXIDE, which is a _______ ____ which joins up with ____ blood cells making them incapable of transporting _____________ around the body. In pregnant women it can cause oxygen deprivation, leading to low birth ______.
Words – high blood pressure, oxygen, red, addictive, disease, poisonous gas, lungs, cancer, mass

4. Abnormal behaviour caused
Other drugs
18/09/2018
Drug
Effect on nerves
Effect on activities
Abnormal behaviour caused
Caffeine/ other stimulants
Barbiturates/ other sedatives
Paracetamol/ other painkillers
Speed up synapse transmissions
Reactions could become faster
Highly strung, leads to exhaustion
Slow down synapse transmissions
May make you drowsy, you shouldn’t drive
Highly addictive, make you irritable
Prevent synapse transmissions
May make you drowsy, you shouldn’t drive
Side effects include dizziness or itchiness

5. Cannabis: Pros and cons
18/09/2018
In January 2004 cannabis was changed from a class B drug to a class C drug. Some people think that Cannabis should be made legal. What are the pros and cons of cannabis?
Pros:
Cons:

6. Pathogens
18/09/2018
Pathogens are microbes (micro organisms) that can cause diseases. They can enter the body in a number of ways:
They can be breathed in through the mouth or nose
They can enter through cuts or bites in the skin
…or other natural openings…

7. Disease
18/09/2018
A disease is any condition where the body isn’t working as it should. This could be caused by a malfunction in the body (as with diabetes) or it could be caused by a type of pathogen:
Bacteria
Viruses
1/1000th mm big
Living cells (some are harmless)
Grow very quickly
Affected by antibiotics
Examples: food poisoning, tetanus, sore throats
1/1,000,000th mm big
Genetic info inside a protein coat
Not affected by antibiotics
Release poisons
Examples: colds, flu, polio, chicken pox

8. Fungi
18/09/2018
Fungi can also cause unwanted conditions. These conditions can be treated with anti-fungal medicine and antibiotics. Some examples (don’t look if you’re faint hearted!):

9. Transmitting Diseases
18/09/2018
Pathogens can be transmitted in a number of ways:
“Horizontal transmission” (directly ______ an ill person)
“Vehicle transmission” (touching an ill person’s ________)
“Vertical transmission” (mother to ____)
Airborne (______ in the air)
Vector-borne (third party, e.g. __________)
Words – mosquitoes, belongings, touching, baby, germs

10. Microbes: our defence against them
18/09/2018
Our bodies have defence mechanisms against invading microbes:
The breathing organs have hairs and produce mucus to cover the lining of these organs and trap the microbes
Tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that kills bacteria
The skin acts as a waterproof barrier
If our skin is cut platelets seal the wound by clotting
Our blood contains white blood cells

11. Cleaning our air
18/09/2018
Our respiratory system has two types of specialised cell that help to keep our lungs clean:
1. Mucus is produced and traps dust, bacteria etc
2. The mucus is swept upwards to the mouth by cilia (cells with tiny hairs)

12. Blood clotting
18/09/2018
When we have a cut our blood forms a scab to prevent microbes entering the wound:
Platelets in the blood are exposed to the air
They release an enzyme
The enzyme converts a soluble protein into insoluble fibrin
The fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and a scab forms

13. White blood cells
18/09/2018
If microbes enter our body they need to be neutralised or killed. This is done by WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
White blood cells do 3 things:
They eat the microbe (these white blood cells are called “phagocytes”)
They produce antibodies to neutralise the microbe (“lymphocytes”)
The produce antitoxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes (lymphocytes again)

14. Producing antibodies You’re going down
18/09/2018
You’re going down
Step 1: The lymphocyte “sees” the pathogen (microbe)
Step 2: The cell produces antibodies to “fit” the pathogen
Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the pathogens and cause them to “clump”
Step 4: The pathogens are “eaten” by the white blood cells

15. Specific antibodies
18/09/2018
Antibodies are specific – they will neutralise the microbe they have been made for.

16. Tuberculosis
18/09/2018
Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by “mycobacterium tuberculosis”. It usually affects the lungs and the bacteria are spread in coughs and sneezes.
TB bacteria can cause cavities or lumps in the lungs
No. of cases of TB in Britain
Year
140,000
1953
National vaccination starts

17. Researching new medicines
18/09/2018
Before new drugs can be approved they have to go through three stages:
1. Is it toxic? Tests are done on animals
2. Is it safe for humans? Human volunteers trial the drug
3. Does it work? People with the illness are tested on