1. Reformation
During the Middle Ages the Roman Catholic church was a powerful force in Europe
Kings may clash with church but knew that their power increased if blessed by the church
So the Pope had a lot of political power

2. Church was one institution that all western Europe had in common
Unifying force
Believed to be sanction by God
Church holds it self as the undisputed authority on all things– both spiritual and on this earth
Pope is the connection between man and God
People understood to get to heaven you had to follow the Catholic Church

3. Church understood the power it possess
Used it to finance immense building projects and pay for art
Sold indulgences
Piece of paper that reduced or took away a sin
Meant that you would spend less time in purgatory
Place you spent before you went to heaven
Not a happy place
Indulgences not only raised funds but also gave control over the people
Some especially the nobles will resent the power and wealth of the church

4. 1517- German monk nailed 95 Theses on church door at Wittenberg
List of 95 complaints against the church
Against the sale of indulgence
Selling salvation for profit
Upset with immoral behavior of clergy
Monasticism was wrong
Services in Latin
Bible was only in Latin and Church had to interpret it
Believed that people should be able to read the Bible in native language
Martin Luther

5. Justification of Faith
Person could be made just or good , simply by having faith in God’s mercy and love.
Salvation was given directly by God for having faith
People could ask for forgiveness directly without the church
To interact with God- only need Bible not priests and church
Decrease the power of the church over people
Church would now be an aid to salvation rather than the grantor of salvation

6. Luther’s challenges were theological based and directed at Pope’s religious role
Luther made it acceptable to question the wisdom of the Church
However Luther did not want to break away from the church rather make reforms

7. German elite will support Luther because
Princes could increase their independence from emperor
Seize church land
Control the church in their areas
German common people will support Luther because
Lutherans approve of making money adventures more than the Catholic church

8. Aid by the printing press the list quickly spread and stir the pot
Printing of Bibles in native language allow lay people to read and form their own relationship with God
Pope Leo X
Order Luther to recant but he refused
Luther was excommunicated
Split in church between Catholics and Protestants
Catholics stress faith and good work in salvation and importance of church teachings as a spiritual guide
Luther followers called themselves—Lutherans
Emphasis salvation by faith alone and the Bible as the only source of religious truth

9. There will be further division among the Protestants-
Other leaders will have different interpretations of the Bible

10. John Calvin Predestination
God alone directed everything that has happen in the past , present and future
God has already predetermine people’s fate
Most influenced by Martin concept that humans cannot earn a place in heaven
Geneva
Turn into a model religious community
City of God

11. Political impact
Participation of all believers in church administration
Encourage the idea of wider access to government

12. John Knox Took Calvin ideas to Scotland
Used Calvin’s teachings to encourage moral people to overthrow “ungodly” rulers

13. Huguenots
French protestants greatly influenced by teachings of John Calvin

14. Anabaptists Practice of baptizing only adult members
Denied authority of local governments to direct their lives
Because of zealot activity of a few, many Anabaptists will flee to America
Bring two important concepts to America
Religious liberty
Separation of church and state
Became Baptists, Amish and Mennonite

15. Henry VIII
Break with Catholic church cause not by religious beliefs but Henry VIII desire for a male heir and the Catholic church refusal to grant an annulment
Created Church of England
King head of the church

16. Protestant Reformation will paved the way for revolutions in education, politics and science

17. Counter-Reformation
Catholic church alarm by the numbers leaving will decide to make reforms to the church
Also called the Catholic Reformation
Movement led by Spain
But also about reaffirming the Catholic Church
Made clear that they were not bowing to demands of the Protestants but clarifying their beliefs
Pope still superior
Masses still mandatory

18. Movement aid by Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius Loyola
Influential in restoring faith in church
Practice self control and moderation
Prayer and good works led to salvation
Strict training and high expectations of the order will help Jesuits obtain high positions in royal courts

19. Council of Trent Confirm Salvation comes through faith and good works
Church traditions is equal to Bible as a source of religious truth
Latin Vulgate translation of Bible was the only acceptable version of scripture
Mass only in Latin
Ended Church abuses
Forbid sale of indulgences
Strict rules of behavior for clergy
Established seminary
Use of Inquisition courts

20. Successful in slowing the spread of Protestant religion
Southern Europe will remain primarily Catholic
Northern Europe will primarily become Protestant

21. Results of Protestant Reformation
Increased European questioning of political authority
Strengthened the authority of monarchs as papal power decreased
Encouraged education as Protestants wanted their children to be able to read the Bible
Created new Protestant churches
Religious wars between Catholics and Protestants for the next 200 years