1. The Protestant Reformation
AP World History
Chapter 16 Notes
Religion & Science ( )

2. The Protestant Reformation
Started in 1517 by a German priest named Martin Luther
Issued a document called the 95 Theses
Nailed it to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany
Outlined his issues with the Catholic Church

3. The Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther was critical of the following abuses conducted by the Catholic Church:
Selling church positions
Selling indulgences = certificates issued by the church that reduced or canceled punishment for a person’s sins  people would buy them to ensure going to Heaven
Luxurious life of the popes
Corruption and immorality of some clergy
The selling of indulgences
Pope Leo X (above) sold church positions and indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

4. Martin Luther’s Beliefs
Salvation = came through faith alone; God’s grace is freely and directly granted to believers
Source of religious authority = the Bible (as interpreted by the individual), not the Pope or church leaders
These ideas = created a massive rift between Catholic and Protestant Christianity

5. Spread of Protestantism
Reformation thinking spread quickly within and beyond Germany thanks to the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg
Luther’s 95 Theses, many pamphlets, and his German translation of the New Testament were soon widely available
As the movement spread to the rest of Europe, it splintered, creating a variety of different Protestant churches
Ex: Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist, Puritan, etc.

6. Spread of Protestantism

7. Calvinism Established by John Calvin in Switzerland
Preached predestination = God determines the fate of every person

8. An Anabaptist Immersion
The Anabaptists
Denied the authority of local governments
Refused to hold office, bear arms, or swear oaths
Many lived separate from society  viewed it as sinful
Baptized adult members only
An Anabaptist Immersion

9. The Church of England
King Henry VIII (ruled from ) wanted a divorce from his first wife (Catherine of Aragon)
She had 6 children -- only 1 survived (a girl named Mary)
King wanted a male heir to the throne
King thought Catherine of Aragon was too old and he wanted to marry the young, beautiful Anne Boleyn instead
Problem = the Pope refused to grant the King a divorce

10. The Church of England
Result = Henry VIII separated England from the Pope and the Catholic Church
Made himself head of the new “Church of England”
Kept Catholic practices & traditions, but denied authority of the Pope
Had supporters of the old religion killed

11. The Church of England
King Henry VIII had the Church of England end his marriage with Catherine & he married Anne Boleyn
Anne bore him a daughter = Elizabeth I
Henry VIII married 4 more times after this & only got 1 son = Edward VI (got the throne, but died in his teens)

12. The Church of England
Henry’s daughter Mary tried to restore Catholicism when she became Queen
Burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake
Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”

13. Anglicanism
Mary’s sister Elizabeth I became Queen when Mary died  blended features of the Church of England and Catholicism
Religion called Anglicanism
Pleased most people
Radical Protestants called “Puritans” wanted to purify the English Church of all its Catholic elements  ended up leaving for North America where they could have more religious freedom

14. Massacre of the Huguenots, 1572
Religious Conflicts
1562 – 1598 = violent conflict between Catholics and Protestants in France
French Protestants = called Huguenots = the minority
In one day (in 1572) = about 3,000 Huguenots were massacred by Catholic mobs
1598 = King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes
Granted religious toleration to French Protestants
Idea = soon they’d return to the Catholic Church
Massacre of the Huguenots, 1572

15. Painting of the Beginning of the 30 Years’ War
Religious Conflicts
Thirty Years’ War ( ) = war between Catholics and Protestants
Started in Holy Roman Empire; soon took over most of Europe
Destructive war
15-30% of German population died from violence, famine, or disease
1648 = Peace of Westphalia signed
Redrew some European political boundaries
Said each state was independent and could control its own religious affairs
Painting of the Beginning of the 30 Years’ War

16. Catholic Counter-Reformation
Pope Paul III wanted to reform the Catholic Church to win back followers and stop the growth of Protestant faiths
Council of Trent ( )
Reaffirmed Catholic teachings and practices
Put an end to Church abuses, such as the selling of indulgences and church positions
Put emphasis on creating a better-educated clergy

17. Hapsburgs
Holy Roman Empire
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor

18. Notes: The Reign of Louis XIV
Louis XIII
Weak King
Minister Cardinal Richelieu
helped Strengthen the power of the monarchy at the expense of the nobility and the Huguenots
Protestant cities forbade to have walls
Tried to limit the Hapsburg Power
Involved France in the Thirty Years war
Michael Montaigne
writer
Became a skeptic
One belief replaces another
developed the essay form
Intendants
Government agents who collected taxes & administered justice

19. Notes: The Reign of Louis XIV
Most powerful ruler in French history
Became king at 4 years old
Minister Cardinal Mazarin
Policies drove nobles to rebel against boy king
Known as the Sun King
Built Versailles
show the power of Louis XIV
envy of other monarchs
King would never be subject to riots again
Increased the power of intendants at the expense of the nobility
Canceled the Edict of Nantes
“I am the State”

20. Notes: The Reign of Louis XIV
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Minister of Finance under Louis XIV
War of Spanish Succession
fought of the union of the French and the Spanish throne
England, Austria, Dutch Republic, Portugal and several German and Italian states
Louis XIV’s grandson allowed to stay king.
Outcome: The French and Spanish throne not be combined

21. Notes: Central European Monarchs Clash
Strong City States
Form slowly
Weak empires
poor economies
no middle class
Beginning of modern state system in Europe
Serfs do not move to cities
Maria Theresa
Father Charles VI (Hapsburg)
Ruler of Austria
Prussia greatest enemy
War of Austrian Succession
Fredrick VS Maria
Over Maria’s Lands

22. Notes: Central European Monarchs Clash
Fredrick II – Fredrick the Great
King of Prussia
A father to his people

23. Notes: Absolute Rulers of Russia
Ivan the Terrible
Russia
Good Years
1st to take the Title Czar
Took land from the Boyars and gave it to a new class of nobles
Formed a secret police
They killed people he thought were traitors
Killed oldest son
Michael Romanov
Grand Nephew of Ivan the terrible

24. Notes: Absolute Monarchs Russia
Peter the Great (Peter I)
Russia
1697 Grand Embassy
Put Russian Orthodox Church under State control
Holy Synod
Reduced the power of great land owners
Hired European Soldiers
Built St Petersburg
Why – He wanted a seaport to make travel easier to the west
Peter the Great (cont )
Raise women's status
Brought potatoes
Made nobles wear western fashions
Serfs play a large role in Russia
Important part of Economy

25. Notes : Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
Charles I
Son of James I
Signed the Petition of Right
1629 Dissolved Parliament
Parliament wanted Puritan reforms to church
English Civil war
Charles I (Royalists or Cavaliers) VS Oliver Cromwell (Roundheads)
Charles I lost, was tried and put to death
James I
Inherited the throne from Elizabeth I
Also inherited her conflicts w/ parliament
Parliament want Puritan reforms to church
Only agreed to a new translation of the Bible

26. Notes : Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
Charles II
Older son of Charles I
He restored the monarchy
The Restoration
Habeas Corpus – the right to be brought before a judge
Glorious Revolution
James II became king - Catholic
Replaced by William and Mary
Oliver Cromwell
Puritan Leader
Abolished the Monarchy
Ruled as a dictator
Favor religious tolerance for all Christians except Catholics

27. Notes : Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
Bill of Rights
Made clear the limits of royal power after the Glorious Revolution.
Constitutional Monarchy
End of 1600’s end England monarchy government
Cabinet System
Adopted to prevent disagreements between monarchy and Parliament