1. Mr. G. Grace Christian Academy
The Settlement
of the
Chesapeake
Mr. G. Grace Christian Academy

2. PUSH and PULL Factors causing the settlement of the Americas
Early English colonists

3. PUSH Factors (what pushed people away from where they lived)
Lack of jobs and overpopulation
Religious Persecution (especially for Puritans, Pilgrims and Catholics)

4. PULL Factors (factors in America that attracted them to immigrate)
1. Spread Christianity
2. Make $ off the land-gold, silver and tobacco
3. Bring glory for the mother country and themselves

5. Reasons for European Migrations to the Americas in the 17c

6. Virginia

7. English Colonization The Charter of the Virginia Company:
Started after the failed Roanoke Colony in NC- The Lost Colony ”Croatoan”
To settle in Northern (Plymouth) and southern Virginia (Jamestown)
Colonists even in the Americas would have the rights of Englishmen!

8. England Plants the Jamestown “Seedling”
Late 1606  VA Co. sends out 3 ships (Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery)
Spring 1607  land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay.
Attacked by Indians and move on.
May 24, 1607  about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James River
River water undrinkable and area swarming with disease-causing mosquitoes.

9. Geographic/environmental problems??
Chesapeake Bay
Geographic/environmental problems??

10. Jamestown Settlement, 1609

11. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

12. Jamestown Fort & Settlement (Computer Generated)

13. Jamestown Housing

14. Jamestown Settlement

15. Jamestown Chapel, 1611

16. The Jamestown Nightmare
 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.
1609  another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.
“Gentlemen” colonists would not work themselves.
Game in forests & fish in river uncaught.
Ate dogs, horses and even rats
Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farming.

17. Captain John Smith: The Right Man for the Job??
New boss w/ a new policy “anyone who does not work does not eat”

18. Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith
A 1616 engraving

19. English Migration:

20. River Settlement Pattern
Large plantations [>100 acres].
Widely spread apart [>5 miles].
Will lead Social/Economic PROBLEMS>>>need for large cheap labor force

21. Jamestown Colonization Pattern: 1620-1660

22. High Death Rates The “Starving Time”-messed up stuff!:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%

23. “Widowarchy”
High death rate among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual authority and wealth!

24. Chief Powhatan Powhatan Confederacy
Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in the James River area when the English arrived.
The English called all Indians in the area Powhatans.
Powhatan probably saw the English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.

25. Powhatan Confederacy

26. Powhatan Indian Village

27. Indian Foods

28. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.
General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.
English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.
 First Anglo-Powhatan War
De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians.
Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.

29. Smith’s Portrayal of Native Americans

30. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
peace between Powhatans and the English.
1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe.
 periodic attacks between Indians and settlers.
1622  Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe].
Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.

31. Powhatan Uprising of 1622

32. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake
 Second Anglo-Powhatan War
Last effort of natives to defeat English.
Indians defeated again.
Peace Treaty of 1646
Removed the Powhatans from their original land.
Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas!

33. John Rolfe-introducer of tobacco
The “gold” that finally made the colony prosperous

34. Virginia’s gold and silver. -- John Rolfe, 1612
Tobacco Plant
Virginia’s gold and silver John Rolfe, 1612

35. Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

36. Why do you think tobacco prices declined so fast?

37. Indentured Servitude
Headright System

38. Indentured Servitude Headright System: Indenture Contract:
Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.
Indenture Contract:
Poor whites who were in debt
5-7 years.
Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
Forbidden to marry.
: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

39. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

40. Virginia House of Burgesses
Williamsburg

41. Growing Political Power
The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England
Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17th cent, H of B was able to make laws
A Council appointed by royal governor

42. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony
James I grew hostile to Virginia
He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of Burgesses
1624  VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control and administered by a governor!

43. Their status was not clear  perhaps, perhaps indentured servants.
English Tobacco Label
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
Their status was not clear  perhaps, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end of the 17th century

44. 17th century Population in the Chesapeake
WHY this large increase in black popul.??

45. The Atlantic Slave Trade

46. The “Middle Passage”

47. Colonial Slavery
As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat.
Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.

48. Colonial Slavery Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes”
Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.
Becoming a Christian did make the slave free.

49. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley
Rebels upset over unfair taxes
Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon
Governor William Berkeley

50. Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

51. Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
They burned the capital.
Nate Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

52. Governor Berkeley’s “Fault Line”

53. The Biggest Result of Bacon’s Rebellion
Rich white planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK SLAVES!! No more white indentured servants
This will not be the last time Americans will rebel against unfair taxes and such

54. Maryland

55. The Settlement of Maryland
A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, in 1632.
A proprietary colony created in 1634.
A healthier location than Jamestown.
Tobacco would be the main crop.
His colony named Maryland after Queen Mary
Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

56. Colonization of Maryland

57. St Mary’s City (1634)
The settlers arrived on 2 ships the Ark and the Dove
Leonard Calvert ran the colony for his brother
Settlers bought land from Indians

58. Currency in Early Maryland

59. A Haven for Catholics
Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area.
Rich Catholic landowners surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers.
Conflict between rich and small farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17c.
In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.

60. A Haven for Catholics Toleration Act of 1649
Lord Baltimore permitted freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants.
Why? High number of Protestants felt threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics.
Toleration Act of 1649
Supported by the Catholics in MD.
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
Punishment of death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
In one way, it was less “tolerant” than before the law was passed!!

61. MD Toleration Act, 1649

62. The Toleration Act of 1649
...whatsoever person or persons shall from henceforth upon any occasion of offence otherwise in a reproachfull manner or way declare call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, residing, traficking, trading or comercing within this province or within any ports, harbours, creeks or havens to the same belonging, an Heretick, Schismatick, Idolator, Puritan, Independent Presbyterian, Antenomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, Separatist, Popish Priest, Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Calvenist, Anabaptist, Brownist or any other name or term in a reproachful manner relating to matters of Religion shall for every such offence foreit and lose the sum of ten shillings Sterling or the value thereof to be levied on the goods and chattels of every such offender and offenders...
and if they could not pay, they were to be "publickly whipt and imprisoned without bail" until "he, she, or they shall satisfy the party so offended or grieved by such reproachful language...."