1. ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
Chapter 20
27% coral reefs has been lost recently. 32% will be lost in 20 to 30 years. Vibrio shiloi eats up coral. 2°C up and natural antibiotics is not secreted.

2. Chemotherapeutic Agents
Any chemical agent used in medical practice
Antimicrobial Agents
Chemical agents used to treat disease caused by microbial
Antibiotics
Microbial-produced chemical that inhibits growth of or kills other

3. Spectrum of Activity

4. Drug Mechanisms of Action
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Disruption of Cell Membrane Function
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Antimetabolites

5. Summary of Targets
Antisense Drugs

6. Side Effects Toxicity to liver, kidney, bone marrow, ear Allergy
Disruption of microflora

7. Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
Enzyme destruction of drugs
Compete for entry to the cell
Rapid efflux of the drugs
Alteration of the target sites

10. Limiting Drug Resistance
Effective Drug Concentrations
Simultaneous Drug Administration
Synergism
Antagonism
Restricting Drug Prescriptions

12. Determining Microbial Sensitivities
Disk Diffusion Method
Dilution Method
Serum Killing Power
Automated Methods

13. Ideal Antimicrobial Attributes
Solubility
Selective toxicity
Allergenicity
Tissue stability
Not Resistant
Shelf Life
Cost

14. Antibacterials — Cell Wall Target
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Vancomycin
Bacitracin G+

16. Antibacterials — Cell Membrane Target
Polymyxins: G-

17. Antibacterials — Protein Synthesis Inhibition
Streptomycin
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Broad Spectrum

19. Antibacterials — Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition
Rifampin
RNA synthesis inhibitor
Tuberculosis
Meningcoccal
Quinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitor
Malaria
Urinary tract
The Red Man syndrome: Colored metabolites of Rifampin are secreted from saliva, sweat gland, tears and skin.

21. Antibacterials — Antimetabolites
Sulfonamides
Folic acid
Isoniazid
Vt B6, niacin (nicotinamide)
Ethambutol
Unknown
Nitrofurans