1. Bacteria in Nature

2. Anthrax- What type of bacteria? Gram positive or negative?

3. Describe the bacteria & Gram stain

4. Give the most specific name to this bacteria

5. What type of bacteria?

6. Releasing Energy a. Bacteria need a constant supply of energy
b. Three ways to do so:
obligate aerobes- organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen to live
obligate anaerobes- do not require oxygen to live
must live in total absence of oxygen
Ex. Clostridium botulinum- lives in soil
Facultative anaerobes- do not require oxygen, but are not poisoned by it- can grow anywhere

7. Growth and Reproduction of Prokaryotes
Binary Fission - type of asexual reproduction that does NOT exchange genetic information

8. Conjugation
transfers information by forming a hollow bridge between two cells and genes move from one cell to another

9. Growth Spores may form under favorable conditions
endospores- type of spore formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall enclosing DNA & cytoplasm
allows cell to remain dormant
able to survive harsh environmental conditions

10. Ecological Roles of Bacteria
Decomposers- help the ecosystem recycle nutrients
break down dead matter into simple substances to be released into the soil
Nitrogen Fixers- converts nitrogen into a form that plants can use

11. Bacteria and Disease
only few bacteria are pathogenic- disease- causing
pathogens cause disease in one of two ways:
damage the of the infected organism by breaking them down for food
Ex. Tuberculosis- lung tissue is broken down
others release toxins (organic poisons) that harm the body
Ex. Streptococcus pyogenes—causes strep throat

12. Antibiotics
compounds that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria
used to cure many BACTERIAL diseases
Ex. amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin

13. Human Uses of Bacteria
Used to produce foods such as cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, and sour cream, pickles, and sauerkraut
Used in industry:
To clear oil spills- type of bacteria digests petroleum
To remove waste products and poisons from water
Can help mine minerals from the ground
Used in genetic engineering to synthesize drugs and chemicals

14. Controlling Bacteria ways to destroy or stop bacterial growth
Sterilization- destroys by extreme heat or chemicals
Disinfectants- used in homes, hospitals, etc.
Refrigeration, freezing, canning, boiling, frying, steaming are methods to control bacteria growth in or on foods
Chemical treatments include adding salt, vinegar, or sugar
used in salted meats, pickles, and jam