1. The Consolidation of Latin America
Stearns 25

2. ¿Quien Es Su Padré? 18th Century Western Enlightenment
Faith in progress
Reform
Representational/constitutional government
BUT a different colonial experience, so…

3. Colonial Baggage Centralized colonial governments
No tradition of participation
Political, economic, and social dependency
Extreme class divisions
Based on birth
Race
Location
Very little opportunity for mobility

4. Sociedad de las Castas Four major categories But it’s not that simple…
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Indian and African
But it’s not that simple…

5. Wait, What?

6. ODM! (Oh, Dios Mio)

7. ¡Viva la Revolucíon! Four key external events Internal Problems
American Revolution
French Revolution
Haitian Revolution
French conquest of Spain
Internal Problems
Creole grievances
Glass ceiling
Resent new taxes, trade restrictions, and reforms
Liberal but not radical

8. Multiple Rebellions Mexico, 1821
United Provinces of Central America,
Spanish South America
Gran Columbia,
Peru
Rio de la Plata
Attempts at monarchy fail; all become republics
Cuba and Puerto Rico remain loyal

9. Mexico Father Miguel de Hidalgo allies with mestizos
Creoles distrust mestizos; fear social revolution
Augustíne Iturbide, military leader, emperor 1821
1824 Republic

10. United Provinces of Central America
Originally part of Mexico
Brief union; split into parts 1838

11. Gran Columbia Simon Bolivar
Breaks up into Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador

12. Rio de la Plata José de San Martín Resent trade restrictions
Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Paraguay, Uruguay, Upper Peru (Bolivia)

13. Peru
Older and more conservative
Royalists defeated in 1824

14. Brazil Conservative: Equal status to Portugal until Napoleon defeated
“Men established in goods and property were unwilling to risk political change.
Hosted Portuguese royal family during Napoleonic wars
Equal status to Portugal until Napoleon defeated
Dom Pedro I becomes constitutional emperor, 1822
King’s son
Existing social order and slavery preserved
Contrast with Spanish republics

15. Old and New Problems Power of Roman Catholic Church Slavery
Treatment of Indians and mestizos
Limited franchise
Social status of women
Regional fragmentation (18 new countries)

16. Politics Local strongmen, caudillos
Conservatives (centralists) v. Liberals (federalists)
Longstanding instability
Ruling class distrust of the peasantry

17. Economies Free trade supported by Britain and the United States
Source of raw materials
Market for manufactured goods
Monroe Doctrine
Wealth and prestige tied to land ownership
Consequences of political instability
Lack of investment capital
Disruption to mining industry
Underdeveloped infratructure
Economic growth in late 19th century
Britain, Germany, United States lead demand for raw materials
But export economy places much industry under foreign control

18. Focus on Mexico Federalist constitution, 1824
Liberal reform issues: Issue of land distribution , poverty, lack of education
Conservative reaction: Antonio López de Santa Anna
Undoes liberal reforms of 1830s
Loses Texas and U.S. Mexican War
Benito Juárez
Indian lawyer
New constitution, 1857
Limits Church power
Land reforms hijacked by speculators
Liberal reforms lead to conservative reaction (ebb and flow)—French intervention
Defeats Maximilian von Habsburg
Becomes autocratic leader—Mexico’s pattern for most of 20th Century
Porfirio Díaz, 1876
Strong central government that suppressed opposition
Corrupt elections alienates middle class Civil war,

19. Focus on Argentina Two economies
Commerce in Buenos Aires
Ranching and agriculture in the Pampas
Conflict between strong central government and local autonomy; regionalism
Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia separate
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Populist authoritarian
Overthrown by liberals and regional caudillos, 1852
Ultimate political stability and reforms between 1862 and 1890
Leads to foreign investment
Population triples; immigration from Europe
Sound infrastructure
Unlike Mexico, ruling oligarchy allies with middle class
Like Mexico, suppress labor and rural unrest.

20. Social and Cultural Issues
Dilemma: European or American?
Elite more European
Common folk not so much
1830s: Romanticism appeals to Indians and local customs
1870s: Positivism influences art, literature, social outlook
Patriarchal patterns for women
Change and new opportunities emerge slowly
Slaves and Indians see little progress
White, Creole elite still in charge

21. Brazilian Empire Similar pattern of central power v. regional strength
Stability after 1850 leads to increased prosperity
Urban, middle-class groups emerge
Slavery less important
Slavery abolished, 1888.
Influence of positivism
Monarchy replaced with Republic, 1889
Like Spanish Latin America, many social and political issues unresolved

22. American Intervention
Spanish-American War, 1898
Push Spanish out of last strongholds
Panama Canal
Bully Columbia
Banana Republics

23. Summation
Social, political, and economic issues remain despite political independence
Dependent economies and underdevelopment
Limited attempts to emulate the West
Spanish bully replaced with Uncle Sam