1. Latin American Revolutions

2. New Ideas Brewing in Europe

3. Quick Review…
How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?
How did the Enlightenment lead to the French Revolution?
How do you think the American Revolution & French Revolution are going to lead to revolutions in Latin America?

4. Characteristics of the Colonial System
Colonial governments mirrored the home governments:
Colonies had viceroys that mirrored kings and the class systems back in home countries (see Rigid Class Structure)
Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies
Many people converted to Catholicism
Missions aided natives and led to their conversion
A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export
Gold
Silver

5. Latin American Social Structure
Viceroys/Peninsulares
officers appointed by Spanish or Portuguese government
Creoles = Europeans (whites) born in the colonies
Mestizos = Mixed Native/White
Mulatto= Mixed African/White

6. Creole Discontent

7. Inspiration of American & French Revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789
Declaration of Independence, 1776

8. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

9. Haiti

10. Toussaint L’Ouverture Leads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)

11. Haiti and Toussaint L’Ouverture
L’Ouverture’ s contributions led to the development of an independent Haiti.
L’Ouverture was a former slave who led the Haitian rebellion against the French.
Spain and Britain sent troops to help out the French troops in Haiti, but L’Ouverture and his army defeated them!
Europeans were distracted by Napoleon

13. WHII.7c. Here are two types of media you can watch or investigate to learn about Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar.
The Movie, The Last Days of Toussaint L'Ouverture-
Paintings at-

14. Mexico
Mexico was under Spanish rule, but by an independence had begun led Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest
He rallied Indian and mestizo followers to march, but was killed
In 1821, a revolution in Spain allowed creoles to declare their independence; 1823 Mexico declared democratic republic

15. Northern South America

16. South America and Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar helped liberate the northern areas of South America.
Bolivia is named after him.
He wanted to unite many of the countries in South America to make it look like the United States, but there were too many differences in the regions.
He was called the George Washington of South America.

17. WHII.7c. News story about what caused the death of Simon Bolivar:
If he was the liberator of South America, why would he have faced assassination attempts?
Why would Hugo Chavez, in 2010, care about how Bolivar died?
Should we seek the truth to his death if doing so could create tensions?

18. Simon Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution
Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
Most revolutionaries in Latin America were creoles
Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

19. Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

20. The “Muscle” of the Revolution
Bolivar coming from the North.
The “Muscle” of the Revolution
José de St. Martín crosses the Andes Mountains.

21. Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence!

22. Bolivar’s Accomplishment

23. Bolivar’s Accomplishments
After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America.
He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

24. Brazil Freed from Portugal
The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.
Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.
Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.

25. The Monroe Doctrine
After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America. The Monroe Doctrine was issued to alert European powers that the American continents should not be considered for any future colonization.
This is still a cornerstone to American foreign policy.

26. Impact of the Monroe Doctrine
• The Monroe Doctrine was
issued by President James Monroe
in 1823.
• Latin American nations
were acknowledged to be independent.
• The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

31. U. S. Global Investments in 1914