1. The Americas after independence

2. Recap Why were the Latin American revolutions fought?
What happened as a result?
For independence (vs France and Haiti – for equality)
Britain and Spain lost some world power

3. Post-revolution United states
New lands – Louisiana Purchase, Texas, California
Immigration from Europe
Famine
Religious freedom
More land

4. Rise of the united states
U.S. didn’t want to be involved in foreign affairs
Why?
Washington’s Farewell Address (HBD George!)
“The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them s little political connection as possible… It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world, so far I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it… in my opinion it is unnecessary and would be unwise to extend them…”
Monroe Doctrine
Limited contact with and influence from Europe
North, Central, and South America are our “sphere of influence”
Why? Democracy; Wanted to start fresh

5. Civil war Industrialized economy – factories Large plantations
North
South
Industrialized economy – factories
Small-scale subsistence farming
Very limited slavery
Abolitionists
Much of government based around northern culture
Wanted to keep the Union together
Large plantations
Export-based economy
Used slavery
Upset because southern interests not represented as much
Wanted to secede – also slavery
Northern victory resulted in the emancipation of slaves (via Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863). Black rights were severely inhibited in the South until the Voting Rights Act in 1964.

6. Effects of the civil war

7. Economy Huge economic development
Industry increased in the North to fuel war efforts
Railroads
Armaments

8. economy Looked to foreign markets to export goods
Attracted foreigners to come to the States due to the booming industry
Wave of immigrants in the mid- to late-1800s from China, southern and eastern Europe
Brought cultural beliefs and customs
“Melting Pot”

9. Chinese and the central pacific railroad

10. Chinese and the central pacific railroad
I like talking about the exploitation of Chinese labor… – “white workers were reluctant to do such backbreaking, hazardous work.” Railroad wouldn’t have been finished had it not been for the Chinese – they even imported people from China. Paid about a third less than European workers. Worked longer hours. Had to pay for their own food and lodging and tools (whites didn’t).

11. Cultural development Isolationism on the decline – why?
Control of the Caribbean thanks to the defeat of Spain in Spanish American War (*ahem, the Cuban War of Independence*)
Led to long-term conflict between North and South America
Teddy Roosevelt ( ): importance of control the seas
Panama Canal
US involvement in Spanish American war made people mad.

12. Cultural development Romanticism Art and literature
Exploring human emotions – beauty, tragedy, passion
Response to Enlightenment focus on reason
The Raven, Moby Dick, Walt Whitman, Dickinson, Legend of Sleep Hollow, etc

13. canada
It’s kind of important, too.

14. Too nice to fight British colony until 1867 – “The Dominion of Canada”
Became independent through agreements with the British

15. TOO NICE TO FIGHT Lots of French, lots of English
Wanted to form two different countries; decided to stay united. Why?
Succeeded in conquering all the western territories, just like U.S.
Actively encouraged immigration to Canada for agricultural and industry jobs

16. Latin america
Also important.

17. politics
Unlike U.S. and Canada, Latin America developed separate nations.
Causes of violence and instability
Regionalism
The Catholic Church
No experience with ruling themselves (Spain/Portugal vs. England)

18. case study: mexico
Benito Juarez – 19th century liberal president who led La Reforma (reduced power of military and Catholic Church)
Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz – military general who sold off land and resources to foreign investors (especially the U.S.)
This will eventually lead to another Mexican Revolution to try to set up a truly democratic government.
(To be clear…
1810: Mexican War of Independence
1910: Mexican Revolution)

19. economy Agriculture and livestock
Very little industrial development – they were getting wealthy providing raw materials to the industrial nations. (And Europe wanted it to stay that way.)
European/U.S. demand dictated Latin American production.
Became dependent upon foreign investment
Unequal trading partners

20. slavery

21. Slavery in the new world
17th – early 19th centuries:
Growing population + more money + desire for coffee, cocoa, sugar = increased production = increased reliance on slavery
Middle/Late 19th century: Abolition of slavery. Why now?
1863: United States
1873: Puerto Rico
1886: Cuba
1888: Brazil

22. Recap
United States and Canada are growing into unified countries with industrializing economies and a stable democracy (thanks, Britain, for all of the practice!). The U.S. is using its growing power to assert more economic (and eventually political) influence in the rest of the Americas.
Latin America is fragmented into smaller countries and is dealing with a more difficult transition to democracy. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries they alternate between attempts at democracy and autocratic rule by dictators or the military (reminiscent of Spanish rule).
“Human Rights” only become a thing after the major world powers have industrialized and have less use for cheap (or free) human labor.