1. Emotion

2. Emotion
Where do emotions come from? Why do we have them? What are they made of?

3. Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.
OBJECTIVE 1| Identify three components of emotions, and contrast James-Lange, Canon-Bard and two factor theories of emotion.

4. Controversy
Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

5. Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha

6. James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

7. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously.
1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to trigger sudden emotions.

8. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label.

9. Schachter & Singer study
epinephrine injection
confederate acting irritable or euphoric
if told about the epinephrine > no emotion
if not told > experience the emotion consistent with the confederate
*take home point: the interpretation of the bodily arousal determines the emotional experience

10. Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

11. Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how spillover effect influences our experience of emotion.
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
Reuters/ Corbis
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

12. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College,

13. Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

14. Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.
OBJECTIVE 2| Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system during emotional arousal.

15. Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar.
OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.

16. Physiological Differences
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

17. Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.

18. Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

19. Nonverbal Communication
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication.
OBJECTIVE 8| Describe some of the factors that affect our ability to decipher non-verbal cues.

20. Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

21. Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
shame, and guilt.
Even blind children display these facial expressions.
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

22. The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the facial feedback and behavior feedback phenomena, and give an example of each.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

23. Gestures and Cultural Differences
Cultural differences in the use and meaning of gestures
Cultural differences in the display of emotion

24. People generally divide emotions into
Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions into
two dimensions.

25. Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and
preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from
injury and harm.

26. The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss some of the biological components of fear.
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging
(LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo
Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim

27. Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato B.C.).
OBJECTIVE 16| Identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of openly expressing anger, and assess the catharsis hypothesis.

28. Causes of Anger
People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

29. Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

30. Cultural & Gender Differences
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior.
Wolfgang Kaehler

31. Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise.

32. Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.
OBJECTIVE 19| Summarize the findings on the relationship between affluence and happiness.

33. Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

34. Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

35. Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than others?
OBJECTIVE 21| Summarize the ways that we can influence our own levels of happiness.