1. Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Chapter 22
Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

2. European Map 1815 vs. European Map of 1914
Focus on the small German states…

3. Section 1: Building a German Nation
How did Otto von Bismarck lead the drive for German unity?

4. Napoleon Raids German Lands
Annexed lands along the Rhine River for France
Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire
Organized lesser states into the Rhine Confederation

5. Economic Changes
1830s – Prussia created a union of German states called Zollverein
Dismantled tariff barriers
1848 – Frankfurt Assembly – demand German unity
Offer throne to William IV – REJECTED- King is not to be chosen by the people.

6. Otto von Bismarck 1862 – becomes prime minister of Prussia
Makes himself Chancellor, highest official of the king
Realpolitik – power based on needs of the state
Not really a nationalist
Strengthened the military despite lack of funding
Declares war with Denmark and Austria
Austro-Prussian War

7. “Blood and iron…”
“Germany does not look to Prussia’s liberalism, but to her power…The great questions of the day are not to be decided by speeches and majority resolutions – that was the mistake of 1848 and 1849 – but by blood and iron!” –Otto von Bismarck
Think  Pair  Share: What is his philosophy about getting things done?

8. Franco-Prussian War
Prussia’s annexation of German states angered France – declares war
Editing of the Ems Dispatch
Prussia easily defeats France – Napoleon III surrenders
Prussia becomes a European strong state

9. Birth of Germany
After the victory, German states persuaded William I of Prussia to take the name “Kaiser”
1871 – Germany became a nation – The Second Reich (2nd to the Holy Roman Empire)
Two-house legislature; power remained with chancellor

10. Section 2: Germany Strengthens
How did Germany increase power after unifying in 1871?

11. Germany’s Economic Progress
Iron and coal resources
Disciplined & educated workforce
Population growth
41 million in 1871  67 million in 1914
Benefited from earlier progress
Small companies  large enterprises
Optical industry: telescopes, microscopes, etc.
Applied science
Synthetic chemicals, dyes, railroads

12. The Iron Chancellor
Targeted two groups: Catholic Church and Socialists
Wanted to keep France weak
Kulturkampf, “battle for civilization” – aimed at making Germans loyal to nation
Backfired – religious rallied with the Church
Tried to outlaw Socialists – made them stronger
Responded by creating programs that benefited “average citizens”
Old age pensions
Medical insurance

13. Kaiser William II 1888 – Succeeded his grandfather
1890 – he asked Bismarck to resign – stated there was only one master in the Reich
Believed his right to rule came from God
Social welfare – programs to help certain groups
Lavished funds for the military
Nationalism and aggressive military increased tensions leading to WWI

14. Section 3: Unifying Italy
How did influential leaders help to create a unified Italy?

15. Obstacles Frequent warfare Loyalties to local regions
Nationalists established secret societies
Young Italy – established in 1830 by Giuseppe Mazzini
For a unified Italy
Nationalism takes roots
Made practical sense – end trade barriers and stimulate industry

16. Count Camillo Cavour Italian nationalist
Appointed Sardinia’s prime minister under King Victor Emanuel
Crafty, willing to use almost any means to achieve goals
Economic reforms
Improved agriculture
Built railroads
Supported free trade
Made secret deal with Napoleon III
Cavour provoked a war with Austria and France assisted Cavour

17. Giuseppe Garibaldi
“Red Shirts” united Italy through military success in Southern Italy
Then gives land to Victor Emmanuel
1861 – Crowned King of Italy

18. Challenges for Italy Regional divisions Catholic Church vs. Government
North was richer and more cities
South was poor and rural with booming population
Catholic Church vs. Government
Radicals and anarchists were violent
Despite problems, economic progress ensued
Became industrialized, improved education, population boom, emigration

19. Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
How did the desire for national independence among ethnic groups weaken and ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires?

20. Hapsburg Empire Declines
1800 – Oldest ruling empire in Europe
Made up of many diverse areas
Many nationalist ideas
Multinational empire ruled by Francis Joseph
Limited reforms

21. The Dual Monarchy Ferenc Deak helped form a compromise
Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Separate states with own constitution and parliament
Shared emperor, finances, defense and foreign affairs

22. Ottoman Empire Like Hapsburgs, Ottomans ruled a multinational empire
1830 – Serbia wins autonomy
1830s – Greece is independent
Other groups begin to revolt against the empire
European countries divided up the empire
“The sick man of Europe”
Wars in the Balkans
“Powder keg” explosion = WWI

23. Russia: Reform and Reaction
Why did industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?

24. Russian Problems Large, populated, world power Vast natural resources
Largest obstacle = social structure
Tsars ruled with extreme power
Most of population were serfs
Reforms ended with assassination of Alexander II
Alexander III returns Russia to an absolute monarchy

25. More Problems Alexander III disliked Jews
Pogroms – violent mob attacks
They sought refuge elsewhere
Industrialization brought social and political problems
Social and political problems lead to unrest and eventually…..war.
Russo-Japanese War
Russia had severe losses- causing much unrest
Bloody Sunday-Tsar fled and soldiers killed Orthodox marchers- hundreds of unarmed are killed.

26. Revolution of 1905 Terrorism and unrest
October Manifesto = Duma (elected legislature)
Peter Stolypin elected Prime Minister
Limited reforms
Assassinated in 1911
1914 – Russia is an autocracy, but lots of unrest