1. A New World of Many Cultures 1491-1607
Period 1: | Amsco Chapter 1 Overview

2. Human Migration The land bridge (Bering Sea)
C. 40,000 years ago humans crossed into North America
The Archaic Period c. 10,000 – 2,500 years ago
Human spreading and settling in various climate regions
Cultural development based on climate
C million people by 1490s

3. Central and South America
Concentration in 3 developed civilizations
Between AD the Maya thrived
Advanced cities in the rainforests of Mexico
C AD the Aztec rose to power
Tenochtitlan, population rivaled European cities (200k)
Concurrently, the Inca rose to power in Peru
All 3 had sophisticated societies, scientific discoveries, et cetera
Staple crop: maize

4. North America Smaller, less-sophisticated societies than C/S America
Population c million by 1490s
Diverse cultures based on location
Southwest: Anasazi and Pueblo; limited farming with irrigation
Northwest: rich diet based on hunting, fishing, and gathering (totem poles)
Great Plains: nomadic hunting and limited farming (teepee)
Horses not obtained until 17th century (Spanish)
Midwest: rich food supply via farming in river valleys (Hopewell Mounds)
Northeast: hunting and farming, like Midwest; Iroquois Confederation
Atlantic Seaboard: rich food source, like two former

5. Changes in Europe “Old World” and “New World” disconnect
Outside of Viking exploration – no lasting effect
Technological advancements (Renaissance)
Compass (from Chinese via Arabs)
Triangular sail (from Arabs)
Gunpowder and printing press (from Chinese)
Religious conflict
Catholic Reconquista in Spain
Catholic wars against Ottoman Empire (Austria and Spain)
The Protestant Reformation in Northern Europe (England/Holland)

6. Expanding Trade
Increased international trade led to growing competition
Venice as European hub
Pulled goods from diverse markets in Constantinople and Middle East
These goods made the long journey from China
The Silk Road network (silk, spices, pottery, cotton)
The Ottoman Empire
Taxation of Silk Road trade
Incentive to find cheaper alternative to Indian/Chinese markets
Portugal: Bartolome Dias; Vasco de Gama
The Slave Trade
A historic norm for all cultures
Portugal began buying slaves from West Africa
Madeira and Azores: Sugar plantations

7. Nation-States and Competition
Nationalism
Empires
15th century small-kingdoms were unifying into larger ones
Nations, states, and nation-states
These were replacing old kingdoms and multiethnic empires
Columbus’s journey west
Meant to quicken route to East Indies markets
Realization of Americas

8. Day 2
A New World of Many Cultures

9. Columbian Exchange When the “Old World” reunited with the “New World”
Humans came into contact that had not for thousands of years
Plants and animals were exchanged
Goods were exchanged (sugar for maize, et cetera)
Diseases spread with no immunity on the receiving end
Small pox
Would spread naturally and forcibly
90% mortality rate for Native Americans
Millions would die; estimates range from 75%-90% of native population

10. Dividing the Americas Spain and Portugal’s lead on colonization
Led to competition and demarcation: Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
The Spanish Conquest (continuation of Reconquista)
Conquistadores, Hernan Cortez, and Francisco Pizarro
Extermination of population for material gain
The Encomienda system (state grant)
Issues with jurisdiction and neglect (absolute exploitation)
Asiento system connected the slave trade in Africa to the Americas

11. The English, French, and Dutch
England contracted John Cabot (Venice) for exploration c. 1497
Claims to East Coast were not followed pursued
Henry VIII’s reform, succession, and competition with Spain (Sir Francis Drake)
Sir Walter Raleigh’s attempt of North Carolina 1587 (failure)
France’s attempt to find “Northwest Passage”
Jacques Cartier c explores the St. Lawrence River
Preoccupied with religious unrest (Huguenots)
Quebec established 1608 by Samuel de Champlain
C the French had explored/settled Mississippi River Valley
The Netherlands hired Henry Hudson (England) for “N/W Passage”
Hudson Bay, up the Hudson River (1609), and later New Amsterdam
The Dutch West India Company

12. Spain in North America Florida New Mexico Texas California
1565 – St. Augustine: oldest European city in America
New Mexico
1610 – Santa Fe: center of Christianization of region; Pueblo revolt 1680
Texas
“Cowboys”; increased settlement in 1700s to resist French Mississippi
California
1769 – San Diego in response to Russian movements in N/W
1776 – San Francisco; Franciscan order missions

13. Policies with Natives
Generally looked down upon (inferior) and exploited
Spanish: large-scale slaughter; exploitation of labor; resource extraction; forced conversion. A policy adopted from Columbus
Bartolome de Las Casas: contrasted this view; advocated for better treatment
English: relocated entire population to construct new society; viewed natives as useful until no longer useful; conclusion: exterminate/remove
French: small, mostly temporary population based upon trade (coureur des bois); usually cooperative with natives and on good terms
Native reaction
Still divided culturally into tribes
Confederacies formed to fight threat of Europeans