1. BELLWORK: 10/5
Describe Hitler’s plans for the accomplishment of the Final Solution. Include goals outlined in Mein Kampf and use of the SS/Gestapo.
What was the purpose of a concentration camp? What types of concentration camps existed?
THINKER: What is the most interesting, alarming, or unique fact you know about the Holocaust?

2. WWII Crimes against Civilians
Germany
Soviet Union
Japan

3. Human Cost of WWII 50 million deaths (2/3 civilians)
20 million displaced
Stalin & Hitler responsible for forced removals of 30 million people

4. By the end of WWII, 20 million people were displaced

5. Human Cost

6. Hitler and the Final Solution
“Once I really am in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews. . . until all Germany has completely been cleansed of Jews.”
Adolf Hitler
Why did Hitler target/ dislike Jews?
How did he plan to accomplish the Final Solution?

7. Hitler and the Final Solution
Phase I:
Revoke citizen rights, deportation, individual executions
Phase 2:
WWII declared; POW’s, ghettos and forced labor camps, mass executions using SS “death squads”
Phase 3:
Concentration camps, systematic mass executions

9. Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass”
November 9, 1938: Nazi thugs in Germany and Austria destroyed Jewish stores, houses and synagogues.

10. Concentration Camps

12. Central to Hitler’s Final Solution was the German Railroad

16. Auschwitz
3 million died here by systematic starvation, forced labor, lack of disease control, individual executions, and "medical experiments".
Camp was divided into three parts:
Auschwitz I – administration
Auschwitz II – extermination camp
Auschwitz III – labor camp

20. Total Deaths: 9-11 Million

21. Discussion
THINKER: What is the most interesting, alarming, or unique fact you know about the Holocaust?

22. The Century, America’s Time: Civilians at War

23. Stalin’s Crimes Against Civilians
“The death of one man is a tragedy. The death of millions is a statistic.”
Joseph Stalin

24. Stalin & The Gulag
Gulag: abbreviation of Glavnoye Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey, (Russian: “Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps”)
System of Soviet labor camps and prisons from the 1920s – 1950s
Housed Soviet political prisoners & criminals (WWII POW’s too)
Under the control of the secret police
Used as a form of political/ideological repression
Although the gulag was not a “death camp,” prisoners were often worked to death
The Gulag consisted of hundreds of camps, with the average camp holding 2,000–10,000 prisoners.
In total, there were 53 separate camps and 423 labor colonies in the USSR

26. Stalin & The Gulag
Most of these camps were “corrective labor colonies” in which prisoners……
Labored on general construction projects (building of canals and railroads)
Worked in mines (nickel, tin, cobalt, iron-ore, gold)
Worked in logging/timber industry
Produced items for war (Tanks, planes, ammunition, weapons)
Constant threat of starvation/execution if they didn’t work/meet quotas
It is estimated that the combination of very long working hours, harsh climatic and other working conditions, inadequate food, and executions killed at least 10 percent of the Gulag’s prisoner population each year. (Total ~ million)
Today's major industrial cities of the Russian Arctic (Norilsk, Vorkuta, Magadan) were originally camps built by prisoners

30. Women in the Gulag

31. The camp established in Verkhoyansk (Siberia) reached the lowest recorded temperature ever…… -90⁰F

32. The Century, America’s Time: Civilians at War

33. “What Japanese History Lessons Leave Out”
Summarize the events Japanese history textbooks leave out. Why?
Explain the Japanese vs. Chinese version of the Rape of Nanjing.
Do you think China’s current bitterness towards Japan is justifiable? Or should they move on? Will Japan ever acknowledge these crimes?
Do you think China is teaching their children to be anti-Japanese?
What were comfort women? Explain the contradicting views over the use of comfort women during WWII.
THINKER: Former history teacher Tamaki Matsuoka holds Japan’s education system responsible for their foreign relation difficulties. Do you agree with this? If education isn’t to blame…..what is?

34. Shinzo Abe
Controversial Japanese Prime Minister vowed to visit Pearl Harbor in late December

35. Japan’s Crimes Against Civilians
“The causes of the China Incident were the exclusion and insult of Japan throughout China, the exclusion of Japanese goods, and the persecution of Japanese rights. Nevertheless, China was unfortunately unable to understand Japan’s real position.”
Tojo Hideki

36. Asian Civilians: Japan lost 2-3 million & China lost 12-20 million

37. An article on the "Contest to kill 100 people using a sword" published in a Tokyo newspaper. The headline reads, "'Incredible Record'—Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings"

39. The Japanese troops often burned/buried people alive

40. Laha Airfield Massacre – Feb 1942

41. Alexandra Hospital Massacre: Feb 1942

42. Palawan Massacre: Dec 1944

43. Japanese Occupation of Nauru: 1942-1945

44. Akikaze Executions: March 1943

45. Sook Ching Massacre:

46. I-8: March & July 1944

47. Massacre of Manila: March 1945

48. Unit 731

49. The Century, America’s Time: Civilians at War

50. Unit 731 Experiments Vivisection Amputation Organ Removal
Disease Injection
Biological Warfare
Plague planes, germ-releasing bombs, etc.

51. Rape of Nanjing
December 1937: six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking, the former capital of the Republic of China.
250,000 to 300,000 deaths
Widespread rape and looting
Denial of the massacre has become a staple of Japanese nationalism (It was justified in time of war)
As a result of the nationalist efforts to deny or rationalize the war crimes, the controversy surrounding the massacre remains a stumbling block relations with China, South Korea and the Philippines.

52. Description of event by Chinese historian, Jonathan Spence
“There is no obvious explanation for this grim event, nor can one be found. The Japanese soldiers, who had expected easy victory, instead had been fighting hard for months and had taken infinitely higher casualties than anticipated. They were bored, angry, frustrated, tired. The Chinese women were undefended, their menfolk powerless or absent. The war, still undeclared, had no clear-cut goal or purpose. Perhaps all Chinese, regardless of sex or age, seemed marked out as victims”
Description of event by Chinese historian, Jonathan Spence
A boy killed by a Japanese soldier with the butt of a rifle, because he did not take off his hat

53. Rape of Nanjing
Estimated that 20,000 women were raped, including infants and the elderly
A large portion of these rapes were systematized in a process where soldiers would search door-to-door for young girls, with many women taken captive and gang raped
The women were often killed immediately after being raped, often through explicit mutilation or by stabbing a bayonet, long stick of bamboo, or other objects into the vagina. Young children were not exempt from these atrocities, and were cut open to allow Japanese soldiers to rape them

54. Eyewitness Accounts
Reverend James M. McCallum wrote in his diary (12/19/1937):
“I know not where to end. Never I have heard or read such brutality. Rape! Rape! Rape! We estimate at least 1,000 cases a night, and many by day. In case of resistance or anything that seems like disapproval, there is a bayonet stab or a bullet ... People are hysterical ... Women are being carried off every morning, afternoon and evening. The whole Japanese army seems to be free to go and come as it pleases, and to do whatever it pleases.”
March 7, 1938, Robert O. Wilson, a surgeon at the American-administered University Hospital in the Safety Zone, wrote in his journal:
“The slaughter of civilians is appalling. I could go on for pages telling of cases of rape and brutality almost beyond belief. You hear nothing but rape. If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. Let me recount some instances occurring in the last two days. Last night the house of one of the Chinese staff members of the university was broken into and two of the women, his relatives, were raped. Two girls, about 16, were raped to death in one of the refugee camps. In the University Middle School where there are 8,000 people the Japs came in ten times last night, over the wall, stole food, clothing, and raped until they were satisfied. They bayoneted one little boy of eight who have five bayonet wounds including one that penetrated his stomach, a portion of his intestines were outside the abdomen.”