1. 1 The Dynamics of Population
Population distribution and density
The factors that impact on population growth rates & structure
The demographic transition model and fertility rates
Life expectancy and mortality rates

2. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Population distribution & density
Distribution: spread of people across the world
Factors affecting it: altitude, latitude, water, resources, history, urbanisation
Density: number of people per km²
Densely: more than 100 per km²
Sparsely: less than 10 per km²

3. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Population structure
Dependency ratio: how many young and elderly dependent people are in the country for the economically active age group to support
Population pyramids: show age and gender profile of a country

4. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Growth patterns
Green Revolution: more food
Industrial Revolution: more jobs
Medical Revolution: better healthcare
Average birth rate for a stable world population: 2.1 children per mother
World fertility rate: 2.5
Developing world fertility rate: from 2.5 to 3.3
Developed world fertility rate: 1.56
Life expectancy in the developing world to rise from 50 to 66 by 2050
Life expectancy in the developed world to rise from 75 to 82 years by 2050

5. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Changing fertility rates
Fertility rates high in the developing world:
Early marriages
Traditional roles
Lack of education
Children viewed as an asset
Governmental encouragement

6. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Changing fertility rates
Fertility rates low in the developed world:
Working mothers
Education
Governmental encouragement
Increased cost of living
Cost of raising a child
Decline in influence of Catholic Church
Urbanisation

7. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
China
1949–76 fertility rate 6 per mother
1979 one-child policy
Imbalance of sexes: to 100 girls
Increased illegal abortions based on sex, female infanticide
95.7% of abortions female
90% of children in orphanages girls
Moved from stage 2 to 4 in a short period of time
Population still increasing 9 million a year as marrying young

8. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Demographic transition model
Stage 1: High stationary stage
Stage 3: Late expanding stage
Stage 2: Early expanding stage
Stage 4: Low stationary stage
Stage 5: Senile stage

9. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Ireland
Distribution and density uneven
Highest in urban areas
1960s 2.6 million, lowest population
1960s boom, Lemass Era, MNC, jobs, inward migration, EEC
1980s recession, emigration

10. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Ireland
1990s boom, ‘Celtic Tiger’, inward migration, urbanisation
Rapid ‘greying’ 11% over 65 years
Under 15 years down 10% since 1970
Economically active age group increased from 58% to 68% in 45 years
Dependency ratio highest 74% in 1966, now 46% increasing
TFR 1.98
Life expectancy from 1926 to today: Men 57.4–76.8 years Women 57.9 –81.6 years

11. Chapter 1: The Dynamics of Population
Japan
1920s stage 2/3 high birth rates
1950s more developed, birth rate declined
Today stage 5, fertility rate 1.3, below replacement level
Population ‘greying’
Increasingly dependent society
Need inward migration or to postpone retirement
830 people per km²