1. Foundations of biology
Unit 1
Foundations of biology

2. Chapter 1
The Science of Life

3. Section 1 the world of biology
Objectives
Relate biology to everyday life
Describe importance of biology
List characteristics of living things
Summarize hierarchy of organization
Distinguish between homeostasis & metabolism, growth, development & reproduction

4. Section 1 Vocabulary Biology Organization Cell Unicellular
Multicellular
Organ tissue
Organelle
Vocabulary
Biological molecule
Homeostasis
Metabolism
Cell division
Development
Reproduction
Gene

5. Biology and you Biology: _____________________________
Organized and scientific framework to answer questions about ________________
Biologist: ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
Example: ____________________________ ______________________________

6. Biology and society Pollution Health New technologies and tools
How do we control these things?

7. Characteristics of life
Name 5 living and 5 non-living things
Criteria for living: 7 Characteristics
________________________(1 or more cells)
______________________________
________________________________
___________________________________
__________________________________

8. 1. Organization and cells
Def: High degree of order within _________& ___________parts.
Unicellular: __________________________.
Example?
Multicellular: _________________________

9. 1. Organization and cells
Highest level of organization have organ systems: ____________________________________________________________________________________
Organs_____________________________________________________________________________
Tissues: groups of cells that have similar abilities and follows the __________________. ______________
Cells: covered by ____________, contains all genetic information. Has ________________________
Organelles: ________________________________. Contain biological molecules.
Biological molecules: Chemical compounds. Made of __________________
Atoms: ____________________________________

11. 2. Response to stimuli
Stimulus: __________________________ ___________________________________.
Respond and react to changes
Example: stimulus: bright light. Reaction?

12. 3. homeostasis ___________________________________
Example: ____________________________ ____________________________________
How do humans control body temperature?
Too hot?
Too cold?

13. 4. metabolism
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Example: plants: photosynthesis. Mammals: ingest and digest food.

14. 5. Growth and development
Increase in size by ________and ________ cells. (cells become more and bigger)
Crystals grow by accumulating more cells, not by division and enlargement
Cell division: ________________________ ____________________________________
Development: _______________________. Involves cell division and differentiation or specialization (cell changing from one cell type to another – stem cells)

15. 6. reproduction ____________________________
Not essential to survival of individual.
Why is it important?
__________________________________
Pass on DNA, contains genes
Sexual reproduction: ___________________ ______________________________________
Asexual reproduction: __________________ ____________________________________

16. 7. Change over time __________________
Organisms change and adapt over time because the _________________________.

17. Homework section 1 Answer Section 1 Review in your homework book
Answer all questions
Start on a new page
Please write the date at the top
Heading: The World of Biology

18. Section 2 themes in biology
Objectives
Identify three important themes that help explain the living world
Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified
Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology

19. Section 2 Vocabulary Domain Kingdom Ecology Ecosystem Evolution
Natural selection
Adaptation

20. Diversity and unity of life
1.5 million spp on Earth
Some even live in _______________________
Many more _________________________

21. Unity in diversity (variety) of life
All living things have got some things in common
Themes:
1. Genetic code: ______________________
2. Presence of organelles: ___________________________________
3. Relationships by ancestry
Represented by ___________________
Model of relationships
Similar sets of genes on _______branches

22. Tree of life

23. Three domains of life Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Kingdoms:

24. Interdependence of organisms
Orgs interact with each other
Ecology: ____________________________ and orgs & their envir.
Ecosystems: _________________________ _________________________________
Orgs depend on: ____________, ____________, _______________, _______, ________, _____________etc.

25. Evolution of life
Descent with modification, inherited characteristics within a population changes so new spp can develop.
Explains ___________________________ ____________________________________
Explains ___________________________ __________________________________
Explains ____________________________ ____________________________________

26. Natural selection Type of evolution
________________________________________________________________________
Adaptations: traits that improve an individuals ability to survive and reproduce.

27. Homework section 2 Answer Section 2 Review in your homework book
Answer all questions
Start on a new page
Please write the date at the top
Heading: Themes in Biology

28. Section 3 the study of biology
Objectives
Outline the main steps in the scientific method
Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses
List the elements of a controlled experiment
Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions
Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory
State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias

29. Section 3 Vocabulary Scientific method Observation Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Control group
Vocabulary
Experimental group
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Theory
Peer review

30. Science as a process Scientific method: two important principles.
1._____________________________________________________________________
Example: lightning: not from Zues but from electric charges in atmosphere
2. Uniformity: ________________________ ____________________________________
Example: gravity

31. Steps of the scientific method
1. Observation: perceiving a natural occurrence that causes __________________
2. Hypothesis: proposed _____________of functions
3. Prediction: _______________what would happen in test situation
4. Experiment: _____hypothesis and prediction
5. Analysis: ______________________
6. Conclusion & Communication: arrive at a judgment or opinion by reasoning, communicate results to scientific peers

32. 1. Observing (notice/see) and asking questions
Observation: _________________________
Question: How does an owl ______ prey in the dark?

33. 2. Forming a hypothesis Possible answers A)_______________
C)_______________________

34. 3. Predicting What is expected to happen
A) the owl will pounce in either a light or dark room
B) light room: owl will pounce close to head, dark room: owl will pounce rustling leaf attached to mouse
C) owl will pounce no matter the room conditions

35. 4. Designing an experiment
Set up room with owl perch high on one side, trap door on other side.
Tie leaf to mouse’s tail and release mouse
Mouse runs silently, leaf makes noise
Half of trials in light room, half of trials in dark room
Record with infrared light (why?)
View tape, measure position of owls strike

36. 4. Performing the experiment
Controlled experiment: compares ___________________group and _____________ group, only one variable
Control group: normal standard against which comparisons from EG can be made
Experimental group: identical to CG except for ____________________________

37. 4. Performing the experiment
Experimenter manipulates independent variable
(Owl experiment: presence/absence of light)
CG: _______, EG: ________
Dependent variable: respond variable
(Owl experiment: distance of strike from head)

38. 4. Testing the experiment
“Blind experiments”: person conducting experiment doesn’t know if subject is _________________________
Eliminates bias (________________________)
Repeat experiments for _______________________________

39. 5. Collecting and analyzing data
Dependent variable gives quantitative data: data measured in _________________
(Owl experiment: distance of strike from head in cm)
Scientists use and extend senses: ____________or ________________

40. 5. Analyzing and comparing data
Organize data
Goal: determine ________, support/fail to support hypothesis
May use statistics to help determine relationships
_____________________________
Determine sources of _________________
Tables/graphs

41. Distance between owl strike & mouse/ owl strike and leaf

42. 6. Drawing conclusions Light: greater accuracy at mouse than leaf
Dark: greater accuracy at leaf than mouse
Support hearing hypothesis, not vision hypothesis
Experiments only ___________ hypothesis
Can’t prove hearing, maybe unknown smell
Only reject vision hypothesis
______________________________________________________________________.

43. 6. Making inferences
__________________________________________________________________rather than direct observation
Not directly testable
Owl study: inferred that owl detects prey from distance, not direct touch

44. 6. Applying results and building models
Solve _____________________
Build models to represent or describe things
1953 James Watson & Francis Crick use cardboard and metal balls to build models of atoms
Mathematical models are _______________

45. Constructing a theory
Theory according to scientists: __________, generally accepted principle that explains observations and experimental data.
Theory according to people: idea is _______, “It’s just a theory”

46. Communicating ideas Publishing findings in _________________
To ______________or ____________________________

47. Publishing a paper Research paper has four sections
___________________
_______________________
Peer review: experts anonymously read and critique papers
Prevents ______________________

48. Honesty and bias Prevent previous ideas and bias
________________________________

49. Conflict of interest Good reputation is invaluable
Avoid ____________________
Example: owner of drug company should not test drug’s safety and effectiveness
Research group/unaffected party will test it
________________will keep scientists honest

50. Homework section 3 Analyzing Experimental design
Individual worksheet to be completed in class

51. This lesson is extremely important
This lesson is extremely important!!!! Please make sure you understand completely!!!!!!

52. Section 4 tools and techniques
Objectives
List the function of each of the major parts of a compound light microscope
Compare two kinds of electron microscopes
Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement
State some examples of good lab practice

53. Section 4 Vocabulary Compound light microscope Eyepiece (ocular lens)
Objective lens
Stage
Light source
magnification
Vocabulary
Nosepiece
Resolution
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope
Metric system
Base unit

54. Microscopes as tools
Tools are objects used to improve performance of a task
Microscopes _________________________ ____________________________________
Study orgs, cells, cell parts, molecules

55. Light microscopes
Compound light microscope: shines light _________a specimen, has two lenses to magnify images.
Mount the specimen on a _____________
Specimen must be _______

56. Light microscopes 4 major parts
1. Eyepiece (ocular lens): _______________
2. Objective lens: light passes through specimen then through lens. Magnifies the image. Specimens can be stained
3. Stage: platform that supports a slide holding specimen
4. Light source: _______________________

58. Magnification and resolution
Nosepiece: __________________________
Most powerful objective lens 100×
Power of magnification = ocular lens × objective lens

59. Magnification and resolution
2000× magnification image becomes blurry because of light’s properties
Use other microscope: _________________

60. Electron microscopes Beam of electrons produces an enlarged image
__________________________
Some even show contours of ___________
Images in black and white, use computers to add colour
Specimen in vacuum chamber (__________, ____________), can’t view ______________

61. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Beam of electrons _____ specimen’s surface
3D images of specimen’s surface (________)
Specimen sprayed with fine _____________
Beam of electrons aimed at specimen
Metal coating emits a __________________
Electrons project onto fluorescent screen
Up to _____________________________

63. Transmission electron microscope (tem)
Beam of electrons __________thinly sliced specimen
What do you expect to see if the electrons go trough the specimen?__________________
Magnetic lenses enlarge and focuses image on screen
_____________________
_________________________________

65. Label the images as to which microscope generated which image

66. Units of measurement
Common measurement system to compare results, ____________________________
Metric system
Decimal system based on ______________
Official name: Système International d’Unités, French
International system of units (SI)

67. Base and other units 7 fundamental base units (Table below)
Multiples of base units designated by prefixes (table below)
Derived units produced by mathematical relationships between 2base units/2derived units (Table below)

68. SI base units

71. conversions 1km = 1000m = 100 000cm = 1 000 000mm 1m = 100cm

72. safety
Hazards: ____________, _____________, ___________, ____________________.
Examples?

73. Good lab practice Safe, common-sense habits
_______________________________
Safety symbols:

74. homework
Take a prepared slide, and in groups try and focus the microscope until you get a clear image If you need help, call the teacher over for assistance