1. What is in a Short Story?

2. What is a Short Story?
A short story is : a brief work of fiction where, usually, the main character faces a conflict that is worked out in the plot of the story

3. Character Character – a person in a story, poem or play.
Types of Characters:
Round: fully developed, has many different character traits
Flat: stereotyped, one-dimensional, few traits
Static: – Does not change
Dynamic: – Changes as a result of the story's events

4. Characterization
How the author develops the characters, especially the main character.
This is done through:
what the character does or says
what others say of and to the character
author’s word choice in descriptive passages

5. Characterization Direct characterization Indirect characterization
The author directly states what the character’s personality is like. Example: cruel, kind
Indirect characterization
Showing a character’s personality through his/her actions, thoughts, feelings, words, appearance or other character’s observations or reactions

6. Protagonist Main character of the story that changes
(death is not a change)
the most important character
changes and grows because of experiences in the story

7. Antagonist A major character who opposes the protagonist
the antagonist does not change
Types of antagonists:
people
nature
society

8. Conflict A struggle between two opposing forces that propels the plot
There could be multiple conflicts within a story
Types
Internal: takes place in a character’s own mind
Man vs. Him(Her)self
External: a character struggles against an outside force
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Supernatural

9. What is the Plot? Plot: Series of related events that make up a story.
Exposition
Inciting Incident
Rising Action
Climax
Falling Action
Resolution (Dénouement)

10. Plot Diagram

11. Exposition (Introduction)
Introduces the reader to:
Setting
Basic situation
Characters involved
Narrative Hook: question or statement that grabs the reader’s attention

12. Setting The time and place of the story’s action
Time (time of day, season, present, past, future)
Location (country, planet, town, buildings, PLUS a description of the surroundings) where the action occurs
Helps to create the mood and atmosphere of the text
Atmosphere: the feeling that the setting evokes (i.e. mysterious, happy, eerie)
Mood: the author evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions. (i.e. excitement, nostalgia)
NOT the mood of the characters

13. Rising Action Consists of a series of complications.
These occur when the main characters take action to resolve their problems and are met with further problems:
Fear
Hostility
Threatening situation

14. Climax
The turning point in the story: the high point of interest and suspense
Climax
Rising Action or Complications
Falling Action

15. Falling Action
All events following the climax or turning point in the story. These events are a result of the action taken at the climax.

16. Resolution (Denouement)
The end of the central conflict: it shows how the situation turns out
All of the loose ends are tied up (usually)

17. Point of View Vantage point from which the writer tells the story.
First person: One of the characters is actually telling the story using the pronoun “I”
Third person Objective: the author tells what happens without stating more than can be inferred from the story's action and dialogue. The narrator never discloses anything about what the characters think or feel, remaining a detached observer.
Third Person Omniscient: All knowing narrator. Can center on the thoughts and any actions of any and all characters.

18. Theme
The central MESSAGE or insight into life revealed through a literary work (universal truth.)
Theme is NOT a subject (love, courage, family)
Theme is NOT a cliché
Cliché: an overused phrase or opinion
Example: One man’s trash is another man’s treasure

19. Determine the Theme Cinderella The Lion King
What is the action of the story/follow the plot?
Theme: Through hard work and determination you can achieve your dreams.
The Lion King
What is the action in the story/follow the plot?
Theme: One must overcome adversity in order to lead a population.
Now you try: Choose a familiar story to you and determine its theme.

20. Flashback
The present scene in the story is interrupted to flash backward and tell what happened in an earlier time.

21. Foreshadowing
Clues the writer puts in the story to give the reader a hint of what is to come.
Examples:
Weather
Colors
Dialogue
Red herring: a false clue to mislead the reader

22. Symbol
An object, person, or event that functions as itself, but also stands for something more than itself.
Example: Scales function is to weigh things,
but they are also a symbol
of our justice system.

23. Figurative Language
Involves some imaginative comparison between two unlike things.
Simile: comparing two unlike things using like or as.
“I wandered lonely as a cloud”
Metaphor: comparing two unlike things (not using like or as)
Life is a roller coaster, it has lots of ups and downs.

24. Figurative Language
Personification: giving human qualities to non-human things.
Example: “The wind howled”

25. Irony A contrast between expectation and reality
Words are used in a way that their intended meaning is different than their actual meaning
Example: “You are so skilled”
(the person is actually very clumsy)

26. Irony
Verbal Irony: saying one thing but meaning something completely different.
Calling a clumsy basketball player “Michael Jordan”
Situational Irony: a contradiction between what we expect to happen and what really does happen
Dramatic Irony: occurs when the reader knows something important that the characters in the story do not know.

27. Allusion Reference to a statement, person, a place, or events from:
Literature
History
Religion
Mythology
Politics
Sports

28. Suspense
Uncertainty or anxiety the reader feels about what is going to happen next in a story.
created by making the readers wonder how the conflict will be resolved

29. Creating a picture in the readers mind through description
Imagery
Language that appeals to the senses.
Touch
Taste
Sight
Sound
Smell
Example:
Creating a picture in the readers mind through description