1. Modified PowerPoint from: Aneeq Ahmad -- Henderson State University.
Worth Publishers © 2007

2. Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions:
Can you…
Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions and functions:
central and peripheral nervous systems;
major brain regions, lobes, and cortical areas;
brain lateralization and hemispheric specialization.
We will do this today by discussing the lobes in notes and applying the lobes to our brain mobiles

3. Accounts for about 80% of brain’s total mass and does most of the sophisticated information processing in the brain

4. Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes, almost identical in each hemisphere, separated by prominent fissures.
They are:
frontal lobes (forehead)
parietal lobes (top to rear head)
occipital lobes (back head)
temporal lobes (side of head)

5. The frontal lobe controls functions like:
judgment
planning
producing speech sounds
emotions (controlling them)
personality
temperament
movement (motor cortex)
Works w/the motor cortex to make precise movements

6. PHINEAS GAGE
In 1848 Gage was a respected, polite railroad foreman who was working to clear a path on the rails.
As Gage was filling a hole with dynamite, it exploded sending a rod (3 ft. long) into Gage’s head (entering beneath his left eye and exiting through the top of his skull)
He survived the accident -- no speech or motor difficulties and his memory was intact
BUT… his personality was greatly changed – he became difficult to be around, short-tempered & often said inappropriate things
frontal lobed damaged…this prevented the censoring of thoughts and ideas.

7. PHINEAS GAGE

8. (located in the back of the frontal lobe)
Largely responsible for the voluntary movement of the parts of the body
(located in the back of the frontal lobe)
if a part of the motor cortex was electrically stimulated, it would cause that body part to move
movements that are precise or delicate are controlled by considerably larger portions of the motor cortex
This model shows what a man's body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its movement 
Motor Homonculus

9. The parietal lobes control functions like:
body position
spatial reasoning like
touch
pressure
temperature
pain
somatosensory cortex

10. (located in the front of parietal lobe)
Largely responsible for perceiving touch and pressure on parts of the body
(located in the front of parietal lobe)
if a part of the sensory cortex was electrically stimulated, it would cause the person to “feel” pressure on that part of the body
the more sensitive the area, the greater area of sensory cortex dedicated to it
This model shows what a man's body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its sensory perception 
Sensory Homonculus

11. The temporal lobes control functions like:
hearing (primary auditory cortex)
storing long term memories
speech and language
understanding

12. The occipital lobes control functions like:
all aspects of vision (primary visual cortex)
each piece of visual cortex corresponds to a particular place on the retina…receiving only information from that place…the pieces are later put together to form the whole

14. Uncommitted areas of the cortex that are involved in higher mental functioning – these areas integrate, interpret & act on information from the sensory/motor areas
Broca’s Area: in left frontal lobe that directs muscle movements involved in speech
Wernicke’s Area: in left temporal lobe that is involved in language comprehension and expression

15. Frontal Lobe Broca’s Area Occipital
Write down the part of the brain each situation is talking about…
Low brain chemicals and an underdevelopment in this area cause a person to be a hermit who can’t play the social game. They just seem odd to other people.
Imprints on the inside of skulls belonging to the supposed human ancestor Homo habilis indicate that it was probably during this stage of evolution that speech evolved. It’s found on the left hemisphere of the brain, in the front
A football player hits the back of his helmet on the ground and experiences blurred vision.
Frontal
Lobe
Broca’s
Area
Occipital

17. Females have thicker corpus callosums which means…faster processing
The two hemispheres are roughly mirror images of one another…
The hemispheres communicate via the corpus callosum…
whatever occurs on one side
is communicated with the
other in a criss-cross
fashion (right hemi controls
left side of body & vise versa)
Females have thicker corpus callosums which means…faster processing

19. If you don’t use it, you lose it!!
Brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our experiences…in other words, the more it is used, the more connections are made!
If you don’t use it, you lose it!!
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself after some type of injury or illness.
OBJECTIVE 5-8| Discuss brain’s plasticity following injury or illness.

20. Usually only performed in cases of severe epilepsy!
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum).
Usually only performed in cases of severe epilepsy!
Corpus Callosum
Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa
Martin M. Rother

21. With the corpus callosum severed, objects presented in the right visual field can be named. Objects in the left visual field cannot. WHY???

22. Let’s see how your two hemispheres work together…try drawing two shapes with both of you hands simultaneously.
Left hand…
Right hand…
BBC

23. Why was that so difficult, even with an intact brain????