1. How was Germany affected by the Vienna Settlement?

2. Europe 1815

3. Congress of Vienna
Priority- protect Europe against France and maintain old monarchies
Changes in German lands meant there was no way to restore the hundreds of small states- 39 new states emerged
Confederation of 39 states headed by princes and kings oversaw by Austria called the Bund (confederation/league)

4. Vienna terms on German Lands
Bund assembly called the Diet- 17 members- Austria was a permanent member- representatives spoke on behalf of their states not as a ‘nation’
Prussia gain land west of the German states on both sides of the Rhine- barrier to French expansion
The Rhineland was full of coal and iron ore
Prussia lost land in Poland
The Bund would crush any form of German nationalism

5. How was the German Confederation governed?

6. Forces for change after 1815 Liberalism and Nationalism
Germany

7. Economic Growth
Source A: Wells, Mike. Unification of Italy and Germany Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press. P. 115
“It (Germany) had a rising population with more people living in cities. Its growing middle class was well educated…Economic growth was transforming central Germany as a whole and Prussia in particular. All these developments indicate that future changes to the Vienna settlement were likely. “

8. Economic Growth
Cities grew, populations grew, new industrial techniques, modern farming methods and new transportation methods (train, canal)
Regions experiencing rapid growth- best resources: metal ore, coal, power, markets and technical knowledge
Germany- Prussia was able to grow due to this however Austria remained agricultural and static

9. What was the importance of the growth of nationalism?
Germany

10. Forces For/Opposing Change
Wells, , Browning
Political, Economic, Social/Cultural (Nationalism)
Grossdeutschland vs. Kleindeutschland-

11. Nationalism 3 different forms:
Official organizations and supporters of greater unity
Cultural elements that brought Germany closer together
Economic factors that encouraged unification
Gymnastics Clubs (1811)
Address to the German Nation- Fichte ( )
The Spirit of the Age (1806)
Anti-Semitism elements- many of the literary nationalists were appalled by revolutionary ideas from France

12. Student Nationalism
Most enthusiastic supporters were students- liberal and nationalist ideas- based on leading university towns
1817 Wartburg (Festival) Castle
Saxe-Weimar- ruled by a constitutional ruler
1819 Karl Sand assassinated August von Kotzebue (playwright- attacked nationalists and was supported by Russia))

15. Student Nationalism
This was not widespread nationalism- more student activism…however…
Metternich convinced the Bund to pass the Carlsbad Decrees (see handout)
“a word spoken by Austria is an unbreakable law for Germany”
Very successful laws- The Prussians in particular enjoyed this power over its citizens
Then came the rebellions of the 1830s

16. Student Nationalism
1830 revolution in France- triggered disturbances in Poland, Italy and Germany- constitutional demands, peasant unrest and worker discontent
,000 nationalists marched to the castle of Handbach (Bavaria)- King of Bavaria sent in the army- caused fear throughout Germany
Six articles and Ten Acts passed by Austria- supreme suppression of nationalist thoughts- even banned the ‘national flag’
The 39 states were expected to co-operate in the repression of national unrest

18. Subterranean Nationalism
After 1832 all nationalist activity took place secretly/private meetings
Disguised as Gymnastics Clubs or Musical Societies ,000 members of Gymnastics clubs
100,000 singing club members- patriotic songs- historical festivals- Arminius (Mythical leader of the German tribes that defeated the Romans)
Regardless it wasn’t until 1859 that a nationalist association (Nationalverein) existed (no leading figure like Mazzini)
Therefore nationalism took on the form of patriotic sentiment rather than a movement for nation building

19. Cultural Nationalism
More important than nationalist expression- cultural appreciation of a Germanic type
Greater awareness of “GERMAN” culture among the middle class- independent craftsmen, academics and businessmen
The peasants…didn’t flock to opera so its likely they didn’t experience any of this patriotic sentiment- no time to go on nationalist walking tours

20. German Renaissance Rediscovery of German folklore- Brothers Grimm
Literary romanticism of Goethe and Schiller
German music developed a contrasting style to Italian Opera- Wagner (old Germanic legends for inspiration)
Beethoven
German history became the standard- Von Ranke
Caspar David Friedrich

26. Prussian- Economic and Military Advancement
Germany

27. The Rise of Prussia Wells 123- 125
Answer the question based on the Wells text- What accounts (reasons or sparks) for the rise in Prussian economic and military Power?