1. Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders
A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive. Does not have to be deviant behavior. Must cause stress to the individual (most times)

2. Four Basic Standards of abnormal Behavior
It is unusual- occurs infrequently in a certain population
It is maladaptive- interferes with a person’s ability to function in one or more areas of life
It is disturbing to others- it is a serious departure from the norms of society
It is distressful- prevents a person from thinking clearly and making decisions

3. Early Theories Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get out.
Trephining was often used.

4. Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective
Cause of the Disorder
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic
Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings.
Behavioral
Reinforcement history, the environment.
Cognitive
Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking.
Socio-cultural
Dysfunctional Society
Biomedical/Neuroscience
Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

5. DSM V
Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders.
DSM will classify disorders and describe the symptoms.
DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.
DSM 5 new names mental retardation now intellectual disability
Also new categories hoarding and binge-eating disorder

6. DSM V

7. The Rosenhan Study- A criticism of labeling
In 1973 Rosenhan and associates
Admitted to several hospitals
Only Symptom- claimed to hear voices
All admitted and labeled as schizophrenic
What are some of the questions raised by this study?
Problems: people viewed differently with a label
Creates a bias
Leads to self-fulfilling prophecies from others
Led to a new checklist for diagnosis

8. Two Major Classifications in the DSM
Neurotic Disorders
Psychotic Disorders
Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally.
Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions.
John Wayne Gacy

9. Physiological Symptoms of Anxiety
Increased heart rate
Dry mouth
Nauseau
Intestinal distress
Frequent urination
Possible fainting
Shaking
Twitching
Can lead to real physical problems

10. Anxiety Disorders
a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
the patient fears something awful will happen to them.
They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.
2/3 are women

11. Phobias http://www.alphadictionary.com/articles/phobias.html
Must be an irrational fear.
Agoraphobia fear of open spaces can be brought on by panic attacks
Social anxiety- No trigger( social phobia) fear of scrutiny, speaking up, fear of embarrassment

13. Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
Free-floating
Person cannot identify the cause therefore cannot deal with or avoid it

14. Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

15. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action.
Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.
Persons know the rituals are irrational
More common among teens and young adults
Classified separately in the DSM V

16. Your brain with OCD

17. Videos tool kit

18. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD
Flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or observation of an extremely stressful event.
1/10 women and 1/20 men develop PTSD after trauma
Active limbic system
Overtaxed autonomic system
Memories of the event cause anxiety.
A lot of activity in the Right temporal lobe
Can lead to post-traumatic growth- increased personal strength
Classified separately in the DSM V

19. PTSD

20. Understanding Anxiety Disorders
Learning Perspective: a conditioned response
Observational learning- transmit anxiety to our children
Cognitive- your thinking about the event your perception about events ex: a creaky door becomes an intruder wielding a knife. People become hyper vigilant
Biological – evolutionary, but out of control grooming gone wild = pull out hair. Hard to extinguish fears that were evolutionary relevant
Genetic- runs in families possible anxiety gene that regulates serotonin or glutamate
Brain- creates a mental hiccup and redo the behaviors

21. Somatoform Disorders
Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.
Two types……

22. Hypochondriasis
Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.
They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.
In DSM V now categorized as Somatic Symptom Disorder

23. Conversion Disorder
Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason.
Like blindness or paralysis.
Pol Pot

24. Conversion Disorder

25. Dissociative Disorders
These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.
Three types….

26. Psychogenic Amnesia
A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.
Retrograde Amnesia (cannot remember the past)
NOT organic amnesia.

27. Dissociative Fugue
People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

28. Dissociative Fugue

29. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder.
A person has several rather than one integrated personality (alters) that control the person’s behavior.
People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.
Constructive memory- create memories to fill the gaps of lost time . Therapists cautious not to ask leading questions lest they give someone the idea they have been abused or have DID. CM may play a role in the higher rates of diagnosed DID

30. Article: Inside Karen’s Crowded Mind

31. Dissociative identity disorder

32. Mood Disorders
Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

33. Major Depressive Disorder
5 signs last 2 or more weeks: Signs are-
Problems regulating appetite
Problems regulating sleep
Low energy
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness

34. Dysthymia Persistent depressive disorder
Less severe than Major Depressive Disorder
Adults who experience mild depressed mood for at least 2 years
Also display only 2 or more of the depressive symptoms listed

35. Seasonal Affective Disorder
Experience depression during the winter months.
Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.
Treated with light therapy.

36. Bipolar Disorder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXHWlucrwOM
Formally manic depression.
Involves periods of depression and manic episodes.
Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable, also delusions).
Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

37. Understanding Mood Disorders
Causes behavioral and cognitive changes
Widespread
Stressful events can precede depression: work, marriage, death
Hits earlier with each new generation
Developed countries
Perspectives:
Biological- Tends to run in families but is it observed behavior. Identical twins studies 50% chance if one twin suffers depression: Linkage Analysis points towards chromosomes
Less brain activity during depressed states
Hippocampus is vulnerable

38. Other Causes
Biochemical: norepinephrine increases arousal and mood low when depressed, high when manic,
Serotonin- scarce during depression
Social- Cognitive
Mood Congruent Memory- Memories encoded during a certain mood are more easily recalled when we are in that mood again. Depressed people more likely to recall depressing events thus contributing to the depression. Can complicate talk therapy
Depression high in people who overthink and ruminate
Internal locus of control- my fault

39. Depressed Brain

40. Schizophrenic Disorders
About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Hits in late teens early 20s
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Disorganized thinking.
Disturbed Perceptions
Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

41. Disorganized Thinking/Speaking
The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.
Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.
Creates artificial words, jumbles words and phrases- Word Salad
“Imagine Beethoven, with the bird droppings, and the green tress as wonderful as the Statue of Liberty”

42. Delusions (false beliefs that continue in spite of contrary evidence)
Delusions of Persecution- spies, aliens, neighbors plotting to get them
Delusions of Grandeur- you are someone who is powerful, important

43. Disturbed Perceptions
hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

44. Paranoid Schizophrenia
preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations.
Somebody is out to get me!!!!
Considered most dangerous
Most common

45. Schizophrenia Videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkB2CGL769o

46. Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Genetic- Adoption studies show that if either biological Parent has schizophrenia, the adopted person is at a greater risk. If one Identical twin develops schizophrenia the risk rate is 48% for the other twin
Diathesis –stress model- people inherit a predisposition or diathesis that increases the risk of schizophrenia- stressful life experiences can trigger schizophrenic episodes
Dopamine Hypothesis-Excess of dopamine receptors- 6X allows more dopamine to be available which causes positive schizophrenic symptoms such as: hallucinations, delusions and paranoia ( not a cause of the disease)
Over activity in thalamus when patients heard voices or saw images
Maternal viral infection that may impair fetal brain development

47. Adapted from Gottesman, 2001
Figure 12.9 Risk of developing schizophrenia  The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia varies with one’s genetic relatedness to someone having this disorder. Across countries, barely more than 1 in 10 fraternal twins, but some 5 in 10 identical twins, share a schizophrenia diagnosis.
Adapted from Gottesman, 2001
© 2011 by Worth Publishers

48. Brain scans

49. https://www. youtube. com/watch

50. Personality Disorders
Disruptive, inflexible, and enduring patterns of behavior
Dominates their personality.
3 clusters

51. Personality disorders
Cluster One
Expresses anxiety
Fearful sensitivity to rejection that has the person withdraw
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Cluster Two
Emotionless disengagement as found in schizoid personality disorder
Cluster Three
Dramatic and Impulsive Behaviors
Histrionic – attention-getting
Narcissistic- self-inflating and self-focused

52. Antisocial Personality Disorder= sociopath or psychopath
Lack of empathy.
Little regard for other’s feelings.
Lack of conscience/ no remorse
Intelligent, manipulative
Not all serial killers politicians , business people
Mostly males

53. Why?
Scans show reduced activity in frontal lobes
Reduced ANS activity causes people to have little or no physiological reaction to aversive events: loud noises, electric shocks
Lack of arousal may lead people to act fearlessly- criminal behaviors: stealing, promiscuity lying, to name a few. May lead to criminal behavior
ANS is a warning to the rest of us that we are doing something wrong
Some detection at 3-4 years old usually by 15 years old: impulsive, uninhibited, low anxiety- all related to low ANS activity

54. You decide?