1. Braintastic! A Stiles Original Production
As you might imagine, larger animals have larger brains. However, this does not mean that animals with larger brains are smarter than animals with smaller brains. For example, a larger brain is necessary to control larger muscles in larger animals and a larger brain is necessary to process more sensory information from the skin in larger animals - this has nothing to do with intelligence.
Possible human ancestor lived 3 million years ago..
Female, little under 4 feet, apelike head, protruding jaw, uneven teeth,
Skull held brain roughly 1/3 the size of modern day humans
1/2 million years ago…Homo erectus (man, upright) brain size doubled that of Lucy’s.
HomoSapien: Wise Human Our species began about 400,000 years ago.
Two possible explanations for brain size change. Accidental changes in gentic instructions and natural selection which means that only those best fitted to their environments will survive.
Braintastic!
A Stiles Original Production

2. Brain Facts Male brains are slightly larger than female brains.
Brain Tissue has no pain receptors.
Adults can generate new brain cells and make new connections.
Your brain uses about 20% of your body’s energy and makes up only 2% of your weight.
The Cerebral Cortex has the surface area of a pillow case.

3. How much of our brain do we actually use?
All of it!!
Brain imaging techniques have debunked the alluring 10% Myth

4. Brain Imaging Techniques
PET Scan- reflects blood flow and metabolic activity.
MRI-shows brain structure (radio frequency)
fMRI-combines strategies of PET and MRI
CT Scan- x-ray
Angiography-dye, shows blood vessels
EEG- measures brain waves
PET Scans images reflect blood flow as well as metabolic and chemical activity in the brain.
MRI uses the detection of radio frequency signals produced by displaced radio waves in a magnetic field. It provides an anatomical view of the brain. Advantages:
No X-rays or radioactive material is used.
Provides detailed view of the brain in different dimensions.
Safe, painless, non-invasive.
No special preparation (except the removal of all metal objects) is required from the patient. Patients can eat or drink anything before the procedure.
Disadvantages:
Expensive to use.
Cannot be used in patients with metallic devices, like pacemakers.
Cannot be used with uncooperative patients because the patient must lie still.
Cannot be used with patients who are claustrophobic (afraid of small places). However, new MRI systems with a more open design are now available.
Functional MRI detects changes in blood flow to particular areas of the brain. It provides both an anatomical and a functional view of the brain.
CT scans use a series of X-ray beams passed through the head. The images are then developed on sensitive film. This method creates cross-sectional images of the brain and shows the structure of the brain, but not its function.
Angiography
Angiography involves a series of X-rays after dye is injected into the blood. This method provides an image of the blood vessels of the brain.
Electroencephalography uses electrodes placed on the scalp to detect and measure patterns of electrical activity emanating from the brain.

5. Lobes and I don’t mean ear lobes
Frontal lobe is involved with personality, emotions, and motor behaviors.
Parietal lobe is involved with perception and sensory experiences.
Occipital lobe is involved with processing visual information
Temporal lobe is involved with hearing and speaking.

6. Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe can be kind of confusing because it has such a wide range of functions (motor movements to cognitive process)
Front part of the brain, involved in planning, organizing, problem solving, slective attention, personality and a variety of “higher cognitive functions” including behavior and emotions.
The anterior (front) portion of the frontal lobe is called the prefrontal cortex. It is very important for the “higher cognitive functions” and the determination of the personality.
The posterior (back) of the frontal lobe consists of the premotor and motor areas. Nerve cells that produce movement are located in the motor areas. The premotor areas serve to modify movements.
The frontal lobe is divided from the parietal lobe by the central culcus. (sulcus)
Frontal Lobotomy: Egas Moniz (Portugal) Removed about a 1/3 of the frontal lobe. This surgical procedure ended in the 1950’s because of mixed results and antipsychotic drugs.
Thinking, Reasoning, Decision Making, Personality, Planning, Judgment

7. Would you like to meet Phineas Gage?
Phineas Gage’s Skull

8. The MOTOR CORTEX (Frontal Lobe)
The body’s parts (muscles) are individually controlled by the MOTOR CORTEX
This bizarre drawing uses sizes of body parts to show the ability to perform complex movements. (The larger the space on the “MC” the body part occupies the more complex movement it will be able to make)
Besides triggering voluntary movements, the motor cortex may also be involved in remembering the order of how stimuli occur across time.
The MC is a narrow strip of cortex that is located on the back edge of the frontal lobe and extends down its side. The motor cortex is involved in the initiation of all voluntary movements.
Much of our knowledge about the frontal lobe comes from individuals that have suffered brain damage. Brain lesions, Brain Imaging techniques.
Motor Homunculus
The right motor cortex controls muscles on the left side of the brain and vice versa.

9. Broca’s Area: (left frontal lobe) Speech production
Aphasia

10. Wernicke’s Area: (left Temporal lobe) Speech comprehension
Aphasia

11. Parietal Lobes Processes sensory info. (pressure, touch, pain)
Receives sensory input for touch and body position.
Processes information about size, shape, and texture.

12. The sensory cortex is a narrow strip located on the front edge of the parietal lobe.
Body parts that occupy more space on the SC are more sensitive to external stimulation.
Sensory Cortex
This model shows what a man's body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its sensory perception.
Sensory Homunculus
The parietal cortex is mainly concerned with integration of sensory and motor information to form cognition and to construct a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us.
The Sensory Cortex processes sensory information about touch, location of limbs, pain and temperature. The right side receives info from the left side of the body and vice versa.
Each body part has its own area on the SC, meaning damage to one part could result in the loss of feeling to one part but spare others. (There is more overlap of between body parts on the Motor Cortex)
When you put your hand in your pocket , you can easily tell a key from a nickel from a stick of chewing gum because your parietal lobe digests info about texture, shape, and size and tells you what the object is.
However, patients with damage to the back of their parietal lobes cannot recognize common objects by touch or feel. Evidence that the parietal lobes are involved in other cognitive processes comes from studies using PET scans. Researchers asked subjects to remember letters they saw on a screen by repeating them over and over in their minds.
Pet scans, indicated that maximum activity during this task occurred in the parietal lobe. Research concluded that the parietal lobe is involved when we try to remember things.
The parietal lobe is located directly behind the frontal lobe. The parietal lobe’s functions include processing sensory information from body parts, which included touching, locating positions of limbs, and feeling temperature and pain, and carrying out several cognitive functions, such as attending to and perceiving objects.
Case studies using PET scans conclude that the parietal lobe is also involved in several cognitive functions, including recognizing objects, remembering items, and perceiving and analyzing objects in space. (chess pieces)
Touch

13. Phantom Limb Condition
How can someone without an arm or leg experience pain in the missing limb?
How were people with Phantom Limb Pain treated for their pain? Why do you think this treatment worked?

14. Gate-Control Theory of Pain Gate open = Pain, Gate closed = No pain
Sensation & Perception
9/19/2018
Experience of pain depends (in part) on whether the pain impulse gets past neurological “gate” in the spinal cord and thus reaches the brain.
Different nociceptors detect hurtful temps, pressures, or chemicals.
The spinal cord contains small nerve fibers that conduct most pain signals, and larger fibers that conduct most other sensory signals.
©1999 Prentice Hall 14

15. Experiencing Pain Gabby’s Story- Born without Pain
If you had to give up 1 of your senses, which one would it be? Explain. (Touch, Smell, Taste, Sight, Hearing)
Which 2 senses are most important to you? Explain.

16. Neuromatrix Theory of Pain
Sensation & Perception
9/19/2018
Neuromatrix Theory of Pain
Theory that the matrix of neurons in the brain is capable of generating pain (and other sensations) in the absence of signals from sensory nerves.
©1999 Prentice Hall 16

17. DID YOU HEAR THAT?

18. Auditory Localization
Sensation & Perception
9/19/2018
Auditory Localization
The brain calculates a sound’s location by using these differences.
Timing ( sec. Diff)
Sound 750 mph
Sound Waves
Loudness (amplitude)
Pitch (frequency)
Long waves; low frequency/low pitch
Short waves; high frequency/high pitch
Sounds from different directions are not identical as they arrive at left and right ears
Figure 3.14 from:
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
©1999 Prentice Hall 18

19. Auditory Process: Perceiving Pitch
Sensation & Perception
9/19/2018
Auditory Process: Perceiving Pitch
Frequency Theory: Measures neural impulses travelling the auditory nerve.
Place Theory: Links the pitch we hear with the place that is stimulated in the cochlea
©1999 Prentice Hall 19

20. Temporal Lobe: involved in hearing, speaking coherently, and understanding verbal and written material.
The Primary Auditory Cortex (top edge) receives electrical signals from receptors in the ears.
Auditory Association Area.
Further processing—makes sense out of sensations.
Wernicke’s Area (left temporal lobe) is necessary for speaking in coherent sentences and for understanding speech.
Primary auditory cortex
Auditory Association Area
The Primary Auditory Cortex (top edge) receives electrical signals from receptors in the ears and transforms these signals into meaningless sound sensations, such as vowels and consonants. For these sound sensations to become recognizable they must be sent to another area in the temporal lobe, the Auditory Association Area.
Selective attention to visual or auditory input is common with damage to the temporal lobes (Milner, 1968). Left side lesions result in decreased recall of verbal and visual content, including speech perception. Right side lesions result in decreased recognition of tonal sequences and many musical abilities. Right side lesions can also effect recognition of visual content (e.g. recall of faces).
The temporal lobes are involved in the primary organization of sensory input (Read, 1981). Individuals with temporal lobes lesions have difficulty placing words or pictures into categories.
Language can be affected by temporal lobe damage. Left temporal lesions disturb recognition of words. Right temporal damage can cause a loss of inhibition of talking.
The temporal lobes are highly associated with memory skills. Left temporal lesions result in impaired memory for verbal material. Right side lesions result in recall of non-verbal material, such as music and drawings.
Seizures of the temporal lobe can have dramatic effects on an individual's personality. Temporal lobe epilepsy can cause perseverative speech, paranoia and aggressive rages (Blumer and Benson, 1975). Severe damage to the temporal lobes can also alter sexual behavior (e.g. increase in activity) (Blumer and Walker, 1975).
Damage to Wernicke’s area results in aphasia, which is a difficulty in understanding spoken or written words and a difficulty in putting words into meaningful sentences.

21. Let’s Get Visual!

22. Volunteer Time!!

23. The Structures of the Retina
Sensation & Perception
9/19/2018
The Structures of the Retina
Cones (Fewer)
Rods (More)
Near fovea
Located in peripheral of the retina
Responds to color
Dark-adapted vision, scotopic
More detail, higher resolution
More sensitive to light, motion
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Cones are clustered near the fovea.
Cones are used in daylight vision.
Cones produce high resolution vision, helps us see detail and color.
Rods are denser in the peripheral of the retina.
Rod adaption process is much slower than that of the cones.
They are responsible for our dark-adapted, or scotopic, vision.
We have many more rods than cones.
©1999 Prentice Hall 23

24. Do we see with our eyes or our brains?

25. Hubel & Wiesel’s Experiment
Sensation & Perception
9/19/2018
Hubel & Wiesel’s Experiment
Much visual processing is done in the brain.
Feature Detectors
Some cortical cells respond to lines in specific orientations
Other cells in the cortex respond to other shapes
Much visual processing is done in the brain.
Some cortical cells respond to lines in specific orientations (e.g. horizontal).
Other cells in the cortex respond to other shapes (e.g., bulls-eyes, spirals, faces).
Feature-detectors
Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment.
©1999 Prentice Hall 25

28. What’s Happening?
In the retina of your eyes, there are 3 types of color receptors (cones) that are most sensitive to either red, blue or green.
When you stare at a particular color for too long, these receptors get "tired" or "fatigued."
When you then look at the white background, the receptors that are tired do not work as well.
Therefore, the information from all of the different color receptors is not in balance and you see the color "afterimages."
You can see that you vision quickly returns to normal.

29. If you have ever been hit on the back if the head and saw “Stars”, you already know that vision is located in the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Primary visual cortex
Visual Association Area
The individual that was asked to copy the above pictures mistakenly identified the bird as a tree trunk.
Neglect Syndrome: refers to the failure of a patient to see objects or parts of the body on the side opposite the brain damage. Patients may dress only one side of their body and deny that opposite body parts are theirs (“that is not my leg”)
A patient with neglect syndrome caused by right side brain damage was asked to copy a clock. The patient drew only the right side of the clock because he did not recognize things on his left side.
The PVC receives electrical signals from receptors in the eyes and transforms these signals into meaningless basic visual sensations, such as lights, lines, shadows, colors, and textures. The VAA transforms basic sensations into complete, meaningful visual perceptions.
In visual agnosia, the individual fails to recognize some object, person, or color, yet has the ability to see and even describe pieces of parts of some visual stimulus
Neglect Syndrome

30. Does everyone see the same thing?
Tricks of Perception
Does everyone see the same thing?

31. Group A
You are going to look briefly at a picture and then answer some questions about it. The picture is a rough sketch of a poster promoting an upcoming event, a costume ball. Do not dwell on the picture. Look at it only long enough to “take it all in” once. After this, you will answer YES or NO to a series of questions.

33. Group B
You are going to look briefly at a picture and then answer some questions about it. The picture is a rough sketch of a poster for a trained seal act. Do not dwell on the picture. Look at it only long enough to “take it all in” once. After this, you will answer YES or NO to a series of questions.

35. Picture

36. In the picture was there . .
A car?
A man?
A woman?
A child?
An animal?
A whip?
A sword?
A man’s hat?
A ball?
A fish?

37. Why did we see different things?
Top Down processing – you go beyond the sensory information to try to make meaning out of ambiguity in your world
What you expect (your experiences and your perceptual set) drives this process
Bottom Up processing- digesting raw sensory information to make sense of something.

39. Perceptual Ambiguity
Your brain tries to make sense of what you are looking at based on the region you are focusing on.

40. McGurk Effect
When visual cues and sounds conflict!

41. Starburst time!!
Conduct the experiment and answer the following questions with your partner. (pgs )
Record your answers on your study guide. #18
What factors influence taste?
What are the 5 basic tastes?
What is sensory interaction?

42. Sensation & Perception
9/19/2018
Sensory Interaction
Different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain.
Synesthesia
A condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes another.
©1999 Prentice Hall 44