1. Winter Survival Review
PAD3O
Winter Survival Review

2. Winter Weather Winter Storm Watch: Winter Storm Advisory :
Sever conditions, heavy snow and/or ice are possible within the next day.
Winter Storm Advisory :
Conditions are expected to cause significant inconveniences and may be hazardous.
EXERCISE CAUTION DRIVING!!!

3. Winter Weather Winter Storm Warning: Blizzard Warning:
Sever conditions have begun or are about to in your area.
STAY INDOORS
Blizzard Warning:
Snow and strong winds will combine to produce blowing snow with near zero visibility, deep drifts, and life-threatening wind chill
SEEK SHELTER IMMEDIATELY

4. Winter Precipitation (3) types
1) Snow
Flurries: light snow falling for durations, resulting in light accumulation
Showers: snow falling at varying intensities for brief periods. Some accumulation is possible
Blowing Snow: wind driven snow that reduces visibility and causes drifting
Blizzard: winds of more than 80 km/h with snow and blowing snow making visibility near zero.
Lake Effect: snow that is not falling but forms moisture in the air above nearby lakes that causes drifting.

5. Winter Precipitation (3) types
2) Sleet
Forms from rain drops that freeze into ice pellets before reaching the ground.
Bounces when hits surface
Makes driving treacherous

6. Winter Precipitation (3) types
3) Freezing Rain
Falls onto a surface with a temperature below freezing
Causes it to freeze to surfaces such as trees, cars , roads, and form a coating of ice.
Extremely hazardous driving conditions

7. Hypothermia
A condition in which the core of the body is losing heat faster than it is produced.

8. Hypothermia - Symptoms
Mechanisms of heat lose
1) Conduction – Heat lose from direct contact between a warm body and a cold one. (ie. Sitting on the snow_
2) Convection – heat lose to moving air and or water (ie the wind strips heat from you (wind chill)
3) Evaporation – hear lost through the evaporation of water from skin and also inhale cold air and exhaling warm air.

9. Hypothermia – Symptoms
Heat Production
1) Metabolism – using food to produce energy through cellular respiration
2) Exercise – generate body heat, “an active camper is a happy camper”
3) Shivering – produces heat; body’s way of telling us to warm up.

10. Hypothermia – Prevention
Be aware of wind chill
Drink plenty of warm fluids
Avoid alcohol
Stay active to maintain body heat
Wear rain gear or wool; wool will insulate you even when it is wet
Have high energy foods (contain lots of sugar like chocolate bars); sugar stimulates shivering which is the bodies way of re-warming itself.

11. Hypothermia - treatment
Warm the body slowly
Warm the bodies core first; if needed, use your own body heat to help.
Warming the extremities first may drive the cold toward the heart and could lead to heart failure.
Get the victim into dry clothing and wrap them in blanket ***head and neck***
Give the victim warm and sweet foods and drinks
Can put victim in sleeping bag with others to warm them up.

12. Frost Bite
Cold related injury characterized by the freezing of tissue.
Cold exposure lead to ice crystal formation, cellular dehydration, and abnormal cell wall permeability
Causes a loss of feeling and a white or pale appearance in the extremities such as fingers, toes, ear lobes or the tip of the nose.

13. Frost Bite – Symptoms
Stinging, firmness, numbness, clumsiness, throbbing, joint pain, excessive sweating.
1st degree - waxy appearance, white plaques, sensory deficit
2nd degree – clear blisters
3rd degree – blood filled blisters
4th degree – damage affecting muscles, tendons and bones.

14. Frost Bite - Prevention
Wear several layers of clothing and a hat (toque)
Limit use of alcohol (causes blood to cool too quickly) and tobacco (inhibits circulation )
Avoid unnecessary exposure of any part of the body
Take frequent breaks from the cold temperature.

15. Frost Bite - Treatment Bring victim indoors asap
Try not to disturb any blisters
Apply warm towels or immerse the area in luke warm water for twenty minutes
Do not apply hot water or use direct heat, fire or a heating pad
Do not rub the area in any way
Re-warming will be accomplished by a burning sensation

16. Frost Bite - Treatment
Skin may blister and swell; may turn red, blue, purple
When the area is pink and no longer numb, the area is thawed
Large blisters will develop and need to be protected from breaking open (infection)
Wrap re-warmed areas to prevent refreezing

17. Dressing in Layers Why dress warm
To prevent cold injuries (hypothermia, frost bite, etc)
To enjoy outdoor activities (hunting, fishing, snowboarding, skiing, etc)
To provide a balance between your body temperature, your clothing and weather.

18. Dressing in Layers
Dressing in layers doesn’t mean that the more clothes you wear the warmer you’ll be.
As you exercise you burn calories, generate body heat and sweat as your body tries to cool its self off. Dressing in layers will keep your skin dry and prevent chilling when sweat evaporates.

19. Dressing in Layers 1st Layer (Base layer)
Lightweight synthetic or silk or nylon polyester-spandex tights, under amour
This will pull sweat away from your body
Lets water vapour escape
Cotton is not a good choice as it gets wet when you sweat

20. Dressing in Layers 2nd Layer (insulation)
Should provide insulation to retain body heat.
Made of breathable fabrics that provide warmth even when wet
Good choices are polar fleece or wool
Create dead air space that your body can warm up.

21. Dressing in Layers 3rd Layer (Shell)
Final layer should be breathable, wind and water resistant
Should be large enough to permit sufficient layering underneath and allow for unhindered movement.
Down filled jackets or thinsulate materials are good choices
Functions as a wind break

22. Dressing in Layers Extremities
Wear a wool hat to prevent heat loos from your head (most heat lost hear)
Wool or synthetic socks (smartwool) and gloves (thinsulate) will also protect cold sensitive hands and feet.

23. Quinzhees
The smaller the quinzhee, the stronger it will be. (6 feet in diameter for 3 people, + 1 foot for each additional person
The more you disturb the snow, the stronger it will be.

24. Quinzhee – Steps Make a circle by a shovel or by trampling the snow
Throw snow into the circle, about 4-6 feet high. DO NOT DIG THE BOOT PATH
As you throw snow, pack it, and wack it so it becomes very hard
Find some sticks and pin cushion the hut about 12-16” in (This will help you when you dig the center )

25. Quinzhee - Steps
5. Make a door (away from the wind) by digging down until you are about 5” from the ground and then into the hut
6. Arch out the ceiling until you reach the sticks, light will start to come through the snow at about 16”, this is your clue to STOP digging.
7. Make small holes for ventilation

26. Quinzhees – Things to remember
The digger is called the MOLE
Always have someone at the door to remove the snow the MOLE digs
Don’t let the door fall in
Make sure to dig the roof and the sides, do not leave the roof too full! It will cave in.!
To trap heat, make a sleeping platform.

27. Ice Conditions Ice Colour
Ice conditions are based on ice that is either:
Clear
Blue
Green
White Ice has snow or air trapped in in

28. Minimum Ice Thickness Stay Off the Ice
3” or less
Ice Fishing, walking, cross country skiing 4”
One Snow machine or ATV 5”
One car or small truck
8 – 12”
One truck or van
12-15”

29. Ice
Ice first forms and melts near the shore
Spring ice is rotten ice.

30. Ice Safety – If someone falls through the Ice
Call 911
Lay down on the ice
Use a long reach assist (rope, stick, ladder)
Tell the person to kick and slowly ease out of the water
Have them roll or crawl from the broken ice
Make sure you are both far enough away from the hole before you stand up
Help them into ice and treat for hypothermia

31. Questions What areas do you lose body heat from?
What are some types of winter precipitation
What winter layers should a person wear
Frost bite vs hypothermia
Ways to avoid
Treatment

32. Questions How do you build a quinzhee
It is safe to……… on the ice when it is how thick?
What to do if you fall in.