1. Vocabulary Geography Prehistory Anthropology Culture Archaeology
Artifact
Historian
Nomad
Animism
Domesticate
Civilization
Polytheistic
Pictogram
City-state
Cultural diffusion
Silt
Delta
Dynasty
Pharaoh
Mummification
Hieroglyphics
Demotic
papyrus
Ziggurat
Cuneiform
Criminal law
Civil law
Barter economy
Money economy
Monotheistic
Covenant
Prophet
Diaspora

2. Civilization Begins
Prehistory – 3000 B.C.
32 questions

3. Understanding Our Past
* Archaeologists learn about the human past by studying artifacts, or objects made by people, such as tools, weapons, pottery, clothing, and jewelry. (Pre-History, before writing)
* Historians reconstruct the past by studying written evidence such as letters or tax records and visual evidence such as photographs or films.
Must evaluate information for reliability

4. Geography, the study of people and their environments
* Geographers study five major themes
Location, where a place is on the surface of the Earth
Place, physical and human characteristics of a location
Interaction, how people have shaped and been shaped by the places where they lived
Movement, movement of people, goods, and ideas
Region, places with similar unifying physical, economic, or cultural features

5. Sungir, Russia, buried some 25,000 years ago
The Dawn of History
*Old Stone Age or Paleolithic age, until about 10,000 BC
The people were know as hunter gatherers or nomads
People made tools, digging sticks, spears and axes from natural materials
Learned to build fires and wear clothing
Developed spoken languages
Religions began
Sungir, Russia, buried some 25,000 years ago

6. *New Stone Age or Neolithic Age….11,000 years ago
*Humans learned to farm, a development that transformed the way people lived
Planting seeds and domesticating animals
* By about 5,000 years ago, the advances made by early farming communities led to the rise of civilizations.
Social hierarchy
Accumulation of personal property
New technologies

7. Beginnings of Civilizations
*Cities, first rose in river valleys
Water
Farming
Renewable soil
Animals
Transportation

8. *Eight basic features common to most early civilizations:
Cities
In fertile areas producing a food surplus
Well-organized central governments
Needed to maintain order and the surplus
Divine Right
Bureaucracy developed
Complex religions
Polytheistic, believing in many gods
Controlling the natural forces and human activities
People created ceremonies, temples and priests to intervene with the gods on behalf of the people
Job specialization
Artisans, priests, farmers, weapons maker and soldiers
Marduk
God of Thunder

9. Features Social classes Arts and architecture
The importance of the persons job ranked them socially
Arts and architecture
Temples to the gods
Places for the rulers
Public works to benefit the city
Defensive walls, irrigation systems, roads and bridges
Writing
Pictograms
Leaders needed to keep records

10. Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences
Summary
Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences

11. First Civilizations (3200 B.C. – 500 B.C.)
Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile
Egypt and Nubia
* Egyptian civilization is divided into three main periods:
Old Kingdom (2700 to 2200 BC)
Egyptian pharaohs organized a strong centralized state
Built majestic pyramids
Pharaoh was a God
Middle Kingdom (2200 to 1800BC
New Kingdom (1800 to 100BC

12. Egyptian Civilization
Egyptians worshiped many gods and goddesses.
* Amon-Re sun god, Osiris and Isis
They also believed in life after death
* Developed special skills for preserving the bodies of the dead.
Mummification, for the trip into the after life
Valley of the Kings
Tutankamun

13. Hieroglyphics Picture writing
* Rosette Stone Demotic and Greek
Kept records and histories of their culture on Stone, Clay and Papyrus

14. Egyptian Scientific Advances
Mathematics developed geometry to survey fields
Medicine diagnosing illnesses, complex surgery and medicines
Astronomy developed a calendar which we use today
Engineering to build the pyramids and irrigation systems.
Romans later used Egyptian engineering in their buildings

15. Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences
Summary
Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences

16. City States of ancient Sumer
Sumer, the oldest civilization of the Middle East
Developed in *Mesopotamia means “between the rivers”
On fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
*Epic of Gilgamesh, oldest works of literature XI

17. City States * Few natural resources, built great cities of clay
Built *ziggurats pyramid temples
Sumerians made the first wheeled vehicles
Each of which had its distinct social hierarchy
The ruling family, leading officials, and priests at the top
Small middle class of artists and merchants
Peasant farmers and slaves at the bottom

18. Sumerian Culture Women had rights as in Egypt but not as many
* The Sumerians invented the earliest form of writing, known as cuneiform
A form of picture writing
Made great advances in mathematics and astronomy.
360 degrees and base 6 numbers

19. Sumerian Religion * Polytheistic Gods controlled every aspect of life
More pessimistic than Egyptians
The Bull-man is a demon. He is a man above the waist and a bull below the waist. He also has the horns and the ears of a bull. He helps people fight evil and chaos. He holds the gates of dawn open for the sun god Shamash and supports the sun disc.
Ishtar is the morning and evening star (the planet we call Venus), and the goddess of love and war. She is shown as a woman standing on a lion, generally holding several weapons.

20. Invaders, Traders and Empire Builders
*Mesopotamia’s location at a geographical crossroads opened it to a succession of invaders
The Babylonians
Hammurabi, king of Babylonia
* Published the Code of Hammurabi on a stone pillar
The world’s first major collection of laws
Both civil and criminal
Improved irrigation and trained his army

21. Darius I - Darius the Great (521-486 BC)
The Persian Empire
* Darius organized the empire
Provinces headed by a satrap
Based taxes on what each could afford
Built roads
Kept moving his royal capital
Uniform weight and measures
Introduced coinage
Tolerant of the customs and cultures under their control
Darius I - Darius the Great ( BC)

22. Effects of Warfare and Trade
* Spread ideas and technology around the Mediterranean (cultural diffusion)
Hammurabi’s Code of laws
Iron-working from the Hittites
Phoenician alphabet
Used 22 symbols for consonant sounds
Greeks added symbols for vowels (p. 109)

23. Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences
Summary
Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences

24. The World of the Hebrews
By 1000 B.C., the Hebrews had set up the kingdom of Israel in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia.
Moses led from Egypt to Canaan (Palestine) the promised land
King David united the feuding tribes
King Solomon built Jerusalem and an impressive temple to God
Israel divided, Israel in the north and Judah in the south
Nebuchadnezzer destroyed the temple and exiled the Hebrews
Israel lived under a series of rulers

25. Covenant with God They would obey commandments and worship Him alone
*Covenant with God They would obey commandments and worship Him alone.....God would protect and Cannan would be theirs forever
* Monotheistic
One true god all knowing, all powerful and everywhere
* The Chosen People
Covenant with Abraham
Renewed with Moses
God’s laws are set down in the Ten Commandments and the Torah
*Believed in Prophets or spiritual leaders who interpret God’s will
Preached a strong code ethics
Saw their leaders as men not gods who must obey god’s law

26. Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences
Summary
Review notes and summarize using at least four sentences

27. Next up Ancient India and China
The End
Next up
Ancient India and China