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The Omnivore’s Dilemma
Malnutrition Sources: The World Food Problem Leathers & Foster, 2009 The Omnivore’s Dilemma Michael Pollan, 2006
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Malnutrition Undernutrition Overnutrition Lack of nutrients
Calories Protein Micronutrients Low income countries Overnutrition Obesity Too many calories High and middle income countries
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Undernutrition Undernutrition Secondary Malnutrition
Micronutrient Malnutrition Protein Energy Malnutrition Most important Severe Protein Energy Malnutrition
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Global Undernutrition
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Secondary Malnutrition
Diet normal Food not digested or absorbed Diarrhea Parasites Tapeworm
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Micronutrient Malnutrition
Deficiency in: Vitamin A Iodine Iron Zinc Calcium Vitamin D B Vitamins Vitamin C Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency)
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Vitamin A, Iodine and Iron Deficiency
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Vitamin A Deficiency Night Blindness Half of these will die
500,000 children/year xerophthalmia Half of these will die within a year of becoming blind Rice diet lacking green vegetables Vitamin supplements help: cost $3/year Golden Rice could help xerophthalmia
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Iodine Deficiency Goiter (thyroid enlargement) Iodine deficiency
affects 740 million people worldwide single greatest cause of preventable brain damage in babies Goiter Stillbirth Miscarriages Mental Retardation Prevented by iodized salt Best sources of natural iodine Sea weed Sea food Goiter (thyroid enlargement)
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38 million newborns are not protected from iodine deficiency
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Affects 2 billion people, 90% live in developing countries 39% of preschool children 52% of pregnant women Reduced physical activity mental activity Increased birth mortality Worms Malaria HIV High iron rice could help
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Other Deficiencies Zinc Calcium Vitamin D
Growth retardation delayed sexual maturation skin and eye lesions 48% of world at risk for zinc deficiency Calcium Osteoporosis: bone loss Vitamin D Rickets: bone malformation Not enough sunlight exposure: Swaddled babies Swaddled babies at risk for Rickets: not enough sunlight
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Other Deficiencies Vitamin C Niacin Thiamin Folate Scurvy
Causes Scurvy: problem in refugee camps Niacin Causes Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia Due to diet high in maize (low in tryptophan) Thiamin Causes Beriberi Due to diet high in polished rice Folate Birth defects: Anancephaly and Spina Bifida Scurvy
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Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Underconsumption of calories or protein Most important form of malnutrition Associated with poverty Not enough food Poor quality food Kwashiorkor Extreme protein deficiency Marasmus Extreme calorie deficiency Kwashiorkor
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Kwashiorkor Protein deficiency often associated with weaning onto thin cereal gruels. Cassava Plantains Bloating of the stomach due to edema Fluid leaking into body Wasted muscles Antibodies degraded to provide protein to body Infection Dysentery Death
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Marasmus Calorie deficiency Protein used for energy Results in wasting
Lack of food Poorest populations Neglected Infants children Protein used for energy Results in wasting Deterioration of tissues Brain development impaired
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Impact of Undernutrition
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Overnutrition Medical problems Consumption of too many calories
Obesity Medical problems Heart disease Diabetes Cancer
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Overnutrition Industrial food Global problem High in calories
Overnutrition has surpassed undernutrition Worst in middle and high income countries Rising in low income countries Can co-exist with undernutrition Same country Same household Projected to get worse as incomes rise Industrial food High in calories
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Industrial Food Economies of scale Processing Low Prices
Industrial agriculture Commodity grains Factory farm animals Confinement Processing White flour Corn and soy ingredients Low Prices Must sell more Supersizing Fat and sugar added New products 20
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Global Overnutrition
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Global Overnutrition http://www.fao.org/FOCUS/E/obesity/obes3.htm
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Overnutrition in the USA
Overweight population 2/3 of adults 1/3 of children Reasons Excess fat, sugar in diet Not enough fiber Sedentary lifestyle Poor are overweight Industrial food inexpensive Fast food Processed Energy dense Fruits, vegetables more expensive
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http://www. geographyalltheway
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Overnutrition rising in developing countries
Increase in global food market Industrial food Urbanization Fast Food Diet change Decline in traditional diet Increased meat
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Calorie consumption
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Balanced Protein Protein are made of amino acids Essential amino acids
Body cannot make Required in diet Animal proteins have perfect balance of amino acids Meat Milk Eggs
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Complementing Proteins
Plant proteins are deficient in different essential amino acids Cereals Low in lysine Beans Low in methionine Must eat both cereal and beans together To get balanced amino acids Complementing proteins Rice and Beans
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Calorie Deficiency Most widespread problem among poor
Cannot get enough calories (energy) in diet Most get enough protein Calorie requirements vary Age Sex Pregnancy Lactation
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Nutritional Needs RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance EAR
Level of nutrients adequate for 97-98% of the group Good target for individuals EAR Estimated Average Requirement Level of nutrients adequate for ½ individuals in group Always lower than RDA Good target for average intake of a group
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