1. Prior Trials of RAAS Inhibitors

2. This program will include a discussion of investigational agents not yet approved by the FDA for use in the United States.

3. Relationship Between Achieved BP and Decline in Kidney Function From Primary Renal Endpoint Trials

4. Introduction RAAS Inhibitors

5. ACE Inhibitors Are More Renoprotective Than Conventional Therapy in T1D

7. Secondary Outcomes in RENAAL Losartan Offers CV Protection in T2D Nephropathy

8. IDNT: Renoprotective Effects
IDNT: Renoprotective Effects* of Irbesartan in Patients With T2D Nephropathy

9. Effect of RAASi Therapy on Hyperkalemia in Patients With Stages 3 and 4 CKD

10. Review of Studies With MRAs Added to RAAS Blockade eGFR and Albuminuria

11. RAASi Use Falls From 43% to 47% 8 Quarters Before ESRD to 33% to 37% in the Quarter After Initiation of ESRD

12. Higher Mortality Among Patients With Discontinued or Lower-Dose RAASi Compared With Mortality Among Patients Prescribed RAASi at Maximum Dose

13. Management of Chronic Hyperkalemia Overview

14. Medications Associated With Hyperkalemia

15. Predictors of Hyperkalemia Before Starting Therapy

16. Concluding Remarks

17. Studies Demonstrating Benefits of RAASi Use in Patients With HF

18. RAASi Therapy Has Been Extensively Studied in Patients With HF and Post-MI

19. Evidence-Based, Guideline-Recommended HF Therapies

20. The ATLAS Study Effect of Dose on Hospitalizations

21. HEALL Study Effects of Losartan on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With HF and LVEF ≤ 40%

22. Aldosterone Antagonists in HF Clinical Trial Findings

23. Effect of Enalapril on Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients With Reduced LVEF and CHF

24. CHARM-Alternative Trial Effect of Candesartan in Patients With HF and Reduced LVEF

25. Val-HeFT Study Endpoints and Findings

26. Spironolactone Causes Hyperkalemia in a Dose-Dependent Fashion

27. GWTG-HF CMS: Associations Between MRA Therapy and Outcomes in HFrEF

28. Hyperkalemia (≥ 6.0) Rates Are Higher in Patients With HF Taking MRAs in Real-World Studies

29. Association Between RAASi Use and Mortality in HF With Severe Renal Insufficiency

30. Rate of Hospital Admission for Hyperkalemia in Patients With HF

31. Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

32. Patiromer

33. Proportion of Patients Stopping RAASi Therapy: Randomized Withdrawal Phase

34. Investigational Potassium Binder ZS-9*

35. HARMONIZE-HF Substudy Mean Serum K+ Over Time

36. Hyperkalemia Management Strategies

37. Abbreviations

38. Abbreviations (cont)

39. Abbreviations (cont)