1. The Renaissance and Reformation

2. Renaissance “Re-birth” of culture from ancient Rome Wealthy Cities
Arts
Literature
Philosophy
Science
Learning
Wealthy Cities
Change in how people viewed themselves—individual achievement
Focus on experience here and now
Ideal person: One with many talents

3. Italian Renaissance
Main ideal= humanism, the study of classical culture and focus on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
Move away from religion
Studied humanities=education inspires creativity

4. Humanism Define “humanism”
Humanism – intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues.
Humanists were usually Christians who believed that the individual in the here and now had an important role to play.
Education was important.
Emphasis on individual achievement.
Emphasis on classical Greek and Roman texts.

5. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo
Leonardo da Vinci (1452) – artist (Mona Lisa, The Last Supper), inventor ( helicopter, weapons, music box, many more), architect, botanist, musician, anatomy, optics, engineering.

6. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo
La Giaconda: The Mona Lisa – Louvre Museum, Paris

7. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo
Helicopter

8. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art – Leonardo
Trebuchet

9. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo
Michelangelo – Italian painter and sculptor. Total realism in art. Pieta and David. Murals on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.

10. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo
The Pieta

11. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo
The David – Florence, Italy

12. Italian Geniuses of Renaissance Art - Michelangelo

14. Italian Genius of Renaissance Writing - Machiavelli
Machiavelli published a book in 1513, The Prince. Theorized about how a perfect ruler would govern.
Stressed that the end justifies the means. Urged rulers to use whatever means necessary to achieve their goals.

15. Northern Renaissance Spread to Spain, France, Germany, and England
Also studied the humanities
Desiderius Erasmus= translate the Bible from Latin into the vernacular,
Thomas Moore= Utopia pushed for social change
Printing revolution created more books=more literacy and learning

16. Genius Writers of the Northern Renaissance
William Shakespeare – England. Playwright between Wrote about the actual human condition of his time.
Cervantes – Spain. Novelist. Wrote Don Quixote.

17. The Printing Revolution
Printing Press – allowed new ideas to spread more easily. Spread from China to Middle East to Europe.
Gutenberg: invented a new type of printing press. Used movable type.
Books suddenly within reach of ordinary person.

18. Protestant Reformation

19. Protesant Reformation
1500s, called for reform of the Christian Church
People who joined the reform called themselves Protestants, for those who “protested” papal (pope) authority.

20. Abuses in the Church
Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
Competed with Italian princes for political power.
Fought long wars to protect the Papal States against invaders.
Promoted the sale of indulgences
Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of money on the arts.
Increased fees for services such as weddings and baptisms to finance worldly projects

21. Luther’s Protest 1517 Martin Luther triggered a revolt
95 Theses, 95 arguments against indulgences
Spread throughout Europe
Excommunicated from the church and declared an outlaw by the Holy Roman Emperor
Many people followed Luther
1521 renounced the authority of the pope

22. The Teachings of Martin Luther
Salvation is achieved through faith alone.
Luther rejected Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation.
The Bible is the sole source of religious truth.
Luther denied other authorities, such as Church councils or the pope.
All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.
Luther rejected the idea that priests and Church officials had special powers.

23. Luther’s Widespread Support
Luther’s ideas spread quickly in northern Germany and Scandinavia.
Many clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to Church corruption.
German princes hoped to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor.
Germans supported Luther because of feelings of national loyalty.
Peasants hoped that Luther would support social and economic change.

24. John Calvin Most important supporter of Martin Luther
Preached predestination
In 1541, Calvin set up a theocracy in Geneva.
Late 1500s, Calvinism had taken root in Germany, France, the Netherlands, England, and Scotland.
In several of these countries, Calvinists faced opposition and persecution from other religious groups.

25. Reformation Ideas Spread

26. Radical Reformers
As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang up.
Even more radical than those of Luther and Calvin.
Anabaptists
Abolish private property.
Use violence to speed up judgment day.
Religious tolerance and separation of Church and state.

27. English Reformation
1509: King Henry marries his dead brother’s widow, Princess Catherine
1527: Henry wants to marry his mistress, Anne Boleyn, and asks the
pope to annul his marriage to Catherine
The pope refuses!
Henry, upset by the pope, broke away from the Catholic church
and created the Church of England, which he ruled.

28. Religious Turmoil in England
1547: Henry VIII dies, leaving behind 2 daughters and 1 son, along with his 6th wife
Edward VI, at 10, becomes king= he and his advisors remain Protestant
1555: Edward dies; Mary Tudor becomes queen and returns to her Catholic routes
1558: Mary dies and Elizabeth I becomes queen; creates a compromise for Catholics and Protestants

29. 6 Wives of Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Daughter
Divorced
Anne Boleyn
Daughter
Beheaded

30. Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves 1537 Jan-July 1536-1537
Died after having son
Anne of Cleves
1537 Jan-July
Divorced

31. Kathryn Howard
Beheaded
Katherine Parr
Widowed

32. Catholic Reformation
As Protestant Reformation took place reform also took place in the Catholic church
Leader: Pope Paul III
1530s and 1540s revived moral authority in church
End corruption in papacy

33. Catholic Reformation To accomplish these goals, Pope Paul III:
Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should take
Strengthened the Inquisition
Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith

34. Widespread Perscution
During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance.
Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics.
Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly women, died as victims of witch hunts.
Jews were forced to live in ghettos or expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues burned.