1. Chapter 4 The Organization of Life
Ecosystems : Everything is connected
Evolution
The Diversity of Living things p
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2. Key Terms Ecosystem Biotic factor Abiotic factor Organism Species
Population
Community
Habitat
Natural selection
Evolution
Adaptation
Artificial selection
Resistance
Bacteria
Fungus
Protist
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
invertebrate
Vertebrates
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3. 4.1 Ecosystems: Everything is Connected
Distinguish between the biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem
Describe how a population differs from a species
Explain how habitats are important for organisms
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4. Everything is Connected
In Nature everything is connected
1995, scientists interested in controlling gypsy moths, which kill oak trees, performed an experiments.
Removed mice who ate moths pop increased
Added acorns  mice increase  moth decreased
 Acorn crops suppress gypsy moth outbreak deer also liked acorn ticks infect mice Lyme disease (complex web)
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5. Defining an Ecosystem
Mice, deer, moths, trees, ticks are all a part of an ecosystem all organisms living in an area together with their physical environment
All ecosystems overlap and are connected no true isolation
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6. Components of an Ecosystem
1.Biotic factors- living parts 2. Abiotic factors- non living parts 3. Organisms- individual living thing; Species- group of organisms 4. Populations- all the members of the same species that live in same place 5. Communities- groups of species living together 6. Habitat- place organism lives
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8. Ecology 2010

9. Ecosystem components Factors that influence an organism into two types
Living components- biotic factors
Nonliving factors- abiotic factors (changing)
Temperature
Humidity pH
Salinity
Oxygen concentrations
Amount of sunlight
Web cd 34 b
Ecology 2010

10. 4.2 Evolution –change in genetic characteristics from one generation to the next
Explain the process of evolution by natural selection
Explain the concept of adaptation
Describe the steps by which a population of insects become resistant to a pesticide
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11. Evolution by Natural Selection
How are organisms well suited to their environments? Charles Darwin- offspring are slight modifications of their parents decedents with modifications Environment determines which traits are best suited to survive; constantly changing (Natural Selection)
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12. Evolution by Natural Selection
How does natural selection work?
Natural selection occurs in any situation in which more individuals are born than can survive (the struggle for existence), there is natural heritable variation (variation and adaptation), and there is variable fitness among individuals (survival of the fittest).
Darwin realized that if more individuals are produced than can survive, members of a population must compete to obtain food, living space, and other limited necessities of life.
Darwin described this as the struggle for existence
Evolution Notes 2010

13. Evolution Notes 2010

14. Natural Selection- mechanisms for descent with modifications
4 main parts
Overproduction
Genetic variation
Struggle to survive
Differential reproduction
Evolution Notes 2010

15. Natural Selection
Evolution Notes 2010

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17. Variation and Adaptation
Darwin knew that individuals have natural variations among their heritable traits, and he hypothesized that some of those variants are better suited to life in their environment than others.
Any heritable characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptation.
Adaptations can involve body parts or structures, like a tiger’s claws; colors, like those that make camouflage or mimicry possible; or physiological functions, like the way a plant carries out photosynthesis
The scarlet king snake exhibits mimicry—an adaptation in which an organism copies, or mimics, a more dangerous organism. Although the scarlet king snake is harmless, it looks like the poisonous eastern coral snake, so predators avoid it, too.
Evolution Notes 2010

18. Survival of the Fittest
According to Darwin, differences in adaptations affect an individual’s fitness.
Fitness describes how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment.
Individuals with adaptations that are well-suited to their environment can survive and reproduce and are said to have high fitness.
Individuals with characteristics that are not well-suited to their environment either die without reproducing or leave few offspring and are said to have low fitness.
This difference in rates of survival and reproduction is called survival of the fittest. In evolutionary terms, survival means reproducing and passing adaptations on to the next generation.
Evolution Notes 2010

19. Types of evolution- holt vc
Convergent- different species evolve similar traits
Divergent- descendants of a single ancestor diversify into species that each fit diff parts of the environment
Adaptive radiation- new population in a new environment will undergo divergent evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment
Artificial selection- pick traits
Co evolution- two or more species have evolved adaptation to each other’s influence
Evolution Notes 2010

20. Evolution resistance
Resistance- is the ability of one or more organism to tolerate a particular chemical designed to kill it
Ones that do not die reproduce and now new population is resistant
Pesticides and antibiotics (insects and bacteria)
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22. Diversity of Living Things
Name 6 kingdoms of organisms and identify 2 characteristics of each
Explain the importance of bacteria and fungi in the environment
Describe the importance of protists in the ocean environment
Describe how angiosperms and animals depend on each other
Explain why insect are such successful animals
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23. Chapter

24. Chapter

25. Chapter

26. The Tree of All Life
Chapter

27. Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya Kingdoms a. Eubacteria
b. Archaebacteria
c. Protista
d. Fungi
e. Plantae
f. Animalia
Chapter

28. Domain Bacteria
Members of the domain Bacteria are unicellular and prokaryotic. This domain corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria.
Their cells have thick, rigid walls that surround a cell membrane and contain a substance known as peptidoglycan.
These bacteria are ecologically diverse, ranging from free-living soil organisms to deadly parasites. Some photosynthesize, while others do not. Some need oxygen to survive, while others are killed by oxygen.
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29. Domain Archaea
The domain Archaea corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
Members of the domain Archaea are unicellular and prokaryotic, and they live in some extreme environments—in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud totally devoid of oxygen. Many of these bacteria can survive only in the absence of oxygen.
Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan, and their cell membranes contain unusual lipids that are not found in any other organism.
Chapter

30. Domain Eukarya
The domain Eukarya consists of all organisms that have a nucleus. It comprises the four remaining kingdoms of the six-kingdom system: “Protista,” Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Chapter

31. The “Protists”: Unicellular Eukaryotes
The kingdom Protista has long been viewed by biologists as a “catchall” group of eukaryotes that could not be classified as fungi, plants, or animals.
Since these organisms cannot be properly placed into a single taxon, we refer to them as “protists.”
Most “protists” are unicellular, but one group, the brown algae, is multicellular.
Some “protists” are photosynthetic, while others are heterotrophic.
Some display characters that resemble those of fungi, plants, or animals.
Chapter

32. Fungi
Members of the kingdom Fungi are heterotrophs with cell walls containing chitin.
Most fungi feed on dead or decaying organic matter. They secrete digestive enzymes into their food source, which break the food down into smaller molecules. The fungi then absorb these smaller molecules into their bodies.
Mushrooms and other recognizable fungi are multicellular, like the ghost fungus shown. Some fungi—yeasts, for example—are unicellular.
Chapter

33. Animalia
Members of the kingdom Animalia are multicellular and heterotrophic.
Animal cells do not have cell walls.
Most animals can move about, at least for some part of their life cycle.
There is incredible diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species of animals exist in nearly every part of the planet.
Invertebrates- no backbone
Vertebrates- have a backbone
Chapter

34. Plantae
Members of the kingdom Plantae are multicellular, have cell walls that contain cellulose, and are autotrophic.
Autotrophic plants are able to carry on photosynthesis using chlorophyll.
Plants are nonmotile—they cannot move from place to place.
The entire plant kingdom is the sister group to the red algae, which are “protists.” The plant kingdom, therefore, includes the green algae along with mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants, and flowering plants.
Gymnosperms- pine tree and evergreens, woody plants seed not enclosed in fruits (conifers- cone bearing)
Angiosperms- flowering plants- produce seeds in fruit
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