1. Groups

2. PAPER TOPICS DISCUSSED!!

3. What is a group?
What is a group? Size? Purpose? Time? Number of members? Frequency?
Is a dyad a group?
What makes a group, groupier? (entitativity)
What do groups do for us?
Who joins groups?
What defines a group’s structure?
Do we want a cohesive or noncohesive group?
Why has group research declined?

4. Group development Moreland & Levine, 1982 Tuckman, 1965
Investigation
Socialization
Maintenance
Resocialization
Remembrance
Tuckman, 1965
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
Trace these through a group you know of
How are they similar and different?

5. Punctuated Equilibrium Model (Gersick, 1988)
Task forces
Phase 1
Phase 2
Relation to team coaching (Hackman & Wageman, 2005)
Team building

6. Other examples of group research
Schachter (1951) deviates study (Johnny Rocko)
Group affiliation and Schachter (1959) study on social comparison theory
Social facilitation
Triplett, 1898
Zajonc’s 1965 cockroaches
Social loafing
Ringelmann, 1876
Latané, Williams, and Harkins, 1979
Coordination losses vs. motivation losses
How can you reduce social loafing?
Brainstorming
Deindividuation

7. Group tasks Group Task Circumplex (McGrath, 1984; Figure 12.2)
Steiner (1972) typology:
Divisible vs. unitary
Maximizing or optimizing
Additive, compensatory, conjunctive, disjunctive, complementary

8. When are groups good vs. bad?
When are groups better than or worse than individuals?
When is diversity good/bad?
Cohesion?
Why does group polarization occur?
How does the shared information bias affect decision making?

9. Kohler effect (Kerr) Social compensation
What increases its likelihood?

10. Groupthink (Janis, 1952) strong group cohesion
strong group cohesion
insulation from outside infl homogeneity of attitudes
a directive leader
high stress
poor decision-making proced
low situational member SE
illusion of invulnerability
belief in the moral correctness of group
stereotyped views of out-group
self-censorship
direct pressure on dissenters to conform
illusion of unanimity
mindguards
incomplete survey of alts
failure to examine risks of the favored alternative
poor info search
failure to develop contingency plan
biased assessment of risks, costs, benefits, and moral implications
failure to reconsider later

11. Baron’s (2005) ubiquity approach
Only antecedents are:
Sense of social identity
Salient norms
Low situational self-efficacy
Symptoms:
Conformity
Suppress dissent
Pluralistic ignorance
Ingroup favoritism
Group polarization
Hidden profile effect
Examples?

12. Social sharedness Tindale, Smith, Dykema-Engblade, & Kluwe, 2012
Two types
Shared preferences
Shared task representations
Others?
According to this approach, when will group decisions be good vs. bad?

13. Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1978)
How did this theory evolve and how did it differ from other theories of the time?
Psychological processes
Social categorization
Social comparison
Social identification
Group distinctiveness
Minimal groups paradigm
How can people deal with devalued identity?

14. Expansions on SIT Hogg and Abrams “self-esteem hypothesis”
Brewer’s optimal distinctiveness theory
Swann’s fusion theory

15. More Social Identity Theory (the “other SIT”)
How do SIT and SCT differ?
What is a social identity?
What motivates us to have social ids?
What are your social IDs?
What affects what is salient? Can more than 1 be at a time?
What are some examples/applications?

16. Relate social identity theory to
System justification
Groupthink
Group polarization
Conformity

17. Leadership What makes a good leader?
Contingency vs. situational theory
Lewin et al. (1939) autocratic vs. democratic vs. laissez-faire leaders
How do women fair as leaders?
What do followers give leaders?
How does social identity theory explain leadership?
How do these approaches explain reactions to our leaders?

18. Leadership and group relations
What things from other articles were echoed in Hogg, 2015?
When groups work together without prejudice—is it more due to top-down or bottom-up processes?
How long does coming together for a common goal last?
How can you reduce the effects of categorization?
What are some things to consider with recategorization?

19. Model of intergroup leadership (Hogg et al., 2012)
Why is it so hard to reduce intergroup conflict from a social identity perspective?
What should you do to try to reduce it?
What are the differences between personal, collective, interpersonal relational, and intergroup relational identities?
Scale p. 191
What are advantages of a dual identity vs. intergroup relational identity approach?
How can leaders build intergroup relational identity?

20. Social identity vs. social sharedness
Explain the assumptions/predictions of each approach
How would you use the two together to create a situation for better decision making in a workgroup?
Relate each to evolutionary processes

21. Application Two companies merging—deciding on new processes
Putting people into ethnically diverse groups to decide how to handle diversity issues at a university
Deciding how to market a new product
Using skype to discuss a class project

22. Next week--relationships
Chapter + 3 articles