1. Bone Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries
The Skeletal System
Bone Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries

2. Overview Three divisions for our discussion Types of fractures
Postural Deformities
Conditions and Diseases

3. Fractures Are cracks or breaks within the bone
They can result from extreme loads, sudden impacts, stresses from unusual directions and disease
The severity of a fracture depends upon its location and the damage done to the bone and tissue near it
As long as circulation is maintained and the periosteum survives, bone will heal
There are several types of fractures within four categories

4. Categories of Fractures
Displaced: fractures in which the broken surfaces of bone are forced from their normal positions
Various types of displaced fractures
Are classified by the angle and the strength of the blow
Non-displaced: fractures in which the bone cracks either partially or completely but maintains its proper alignment
Open: fractures in which the bone breaks through the skin
Closed: fractures in which the bone breaks but there is no puncture or open wound through the skin

5. Types of Fractures
A Greenstick fracture is an incomplete break or bending of the bone
Most common in children whose bones are still flexible
A transverse fracture is when the broken piece of bone is at a right angle to the bone’s axis
Such fractures are usually stable and the broken surfaces are unlikely to move
A comminuted fracture results from a direct impact shattering the bone into several fragments
Most common in traffic accidents

6. Types of Fractures
A buckled fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other.
As known as an impacted fracture
Commonly seen in arm fractures of children
An oblique fracture is when the break has a curved or sloped pattern
Spiral fractures happen when a sharp, twisting force breaks a bone diagonally across the shaft
Compression: fractures that occur when spongy bone is crushed

7. Types of Fractures
Stress: fractures caused by prolonged or repeated force straining the bone which develops a hairline crack
A pathologic fracture is caused by a disease that weakens the bones
Compound fractures are a type of open fracture in which the bone protrudes through the skin

8. Comminuted Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Transverse Fracture
Spiral Fracture

9. Scoliosis
Is a sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty
The majority of cases are idiopathic, meaning that the cause is unknown
Although it appears to involve hereditary factors because the disorder tends to run in families
It is more prevalent in teenagers and females
Approximately 7 million people in United States

10. Scoliosis

11. Kyphosis Is the curvature of the upper spine
Also called Hunchback or Humpback
It is a progressive spinal disorder that can affect children or adults
It can result from degenerative disease, developmental problems, osteoporosis, or trauma

12. Kyphosis

13. Lordosis Is the excessive curvature of the spine in the lower back
Also called swayback
This leads to excess pressure on the spine, causing pain
People with it have visible arch in their lower backs, with a “C” shape
It appears in childhood without any known cause
It can potentially result from poor posture, obesity, osteoporosis and achondroplasia

14. Lordosis

15. Osteoporosis
Is a disorder in which bones become weaker and are more likely to fracture
It is a silent disease
It develops when the rate at which fibers, minerals, and cells are broken down is faster than the rate at which new tissue is formed
Risk factors include: aging, smoking, rheumatoid arthritis, being small & thin, family history, certain medications, being a white or Asian woman, overactive thyroid, or having osteopenia (low bone mass)
Preventive measures include taking calcium and vitamin D in your early years in life

16. Osteoporosis

17. Osteogenesis imperfecta
Also known as brittle bone disease
It is a genetic disorder in which bones break easily due to a defect in the gene for the production of collagen
It can also cause weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine and hearing loss
There is no cure and treatments are limited to exercise, pain medications, physical therapy, wheelchairs, braces, and surgery

18. Osteogenesis imperfecta

19. Osteomyelitis Is an infection of the bone or bone marrow
It affects 2 out of every 10,000 people
Most commonly caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus
Generally affects young and elderly people, those with reduced immunity, and sickle-cell anemics
Treatment is prolonged antibiotic therapy

20. Osteomyelitis

21. Osteonecrosis
Also known as aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, and ischemic necrosis
Literal translation means “death of the bone”
Happens when your bones lose their blood supply
It is most common in the upper leg, upper arm, knees, shoulders and ankles
Affects both men and women of any age
Cause of the disease is not known but risk factors include: long-term steroid use, alcohol abuse, joint injuries, and other diseases

22. Osteonecrosis

23. Paget’s Disease Is also known as Osteitis defomans
This disease causes your bones to grow larger and weaker than normal
It can also lead to other health problems such as, arthritis and hearing loss
It can be in any bone but it is most common in the spine, pelvis, skull, and legs
More men than women are affect by the disease and it is more common in people over the age of 50
Its cause is unknown but it tends to run in families
It is treated with medicine and sometimes surgery

24. Spina Bifida
Is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord or the structures surrounding it
Spina bifida occurs at the end of the first month of pregnancy when the two sides of the embryo's spine fail to join together, leaving an open area
In some cases, the spinal cord or other membranes may push through this opening in the back
The condition usually is detected before a baby is born and treated right away
The causes of spina bifida are largely unknown
Incidence is 6 per 100,000 births

25. Spina Bifida

26. Disk Prolapse Is also known as a herniated or slipped disk
It is the protrusion from one of the shock- absorbing pads between the vertebrae
It happens when the outer layer of the cartilage disk ruptures causing some of the core material to bulge out
It can be caused by an accident, normal wear and tear with aging, or excessive pressure from awkward lifting

27. Disk Prolapse

28. Bunions
Consists of inflamed, thickened soft tissue and bony outgrowths at the base of the big toe
It is usually caused by hallux valgus, in which the big toe bends in toward the other toes
It is more common in women and runs in families
When severe, it can be corrected with surgery

29. Bone Spurs Are bony projections that develop along the edges of bones
Also known as osteophytes, they often form in your joints
Common locations for bone spurs are in the heel bone of the foot, around joints that have degenerated cartilage, and in the spine adjacent to degenerated discs
The main cause of bone spurs is the joint damage associated with osteoarthritis or inflammation
Most bone spurs cause no
If treatment is required, then over-the counter painkillers are used or in more severe cases surgical removal.

30. Bone Spurs

31. Bursitis
Is the inflammation of the bursa, which is the cushioning pad at or near a joint
It causes pain, redness, and swelling
Prolonged or repeated pressure, or sudden excessive stress at a joint can cause it
Risk factors include: rheumatoid arthritis, gout, previous joint injury, or repetitive motion of a joint
Treatments include: rest, anti-inflammatory drugs, draining excess synovial fluid, and corticosteroids

32. Shoulder Bursitis

33. Arthritis Is inflammation of the joints Three main types:
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

34. Osteoarthritis Also called degenerative joint disease
Is the most common form of arthritis
The disease breaks down cartilage in your joints, causing your bones to rub together, damaging the joint and causing pain
Over time, the joint experiences restricted movement
It is usually localized to 1 joint
Risk factors include: being overweight, aging, and joint injuries
It is most common in people over the age of 60

35. Rheumatoid Arthritis Also known as RA
Causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints
It is more common in women than men and it starts between the ages of 25 and 55
Symptoms can come and go or last a lifetime
It is an autoimmune disease, which means it results from your own immune system attacking your body’s tissues
Its cause is believed to be a combination of genetics and environmental influences
Treatment includes: anti-inflammatory drugs and immunity-suppressing drugs

36. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Also known as JRA, Still’s disease, & childhood arthritis
Happens in children age 16 or younger
Symptoms come and go in flare-ups
It is an autoimmune disorder that can go into remission or remain for a lifetime (becoming RA)
It can also cause growth problems in children

37. osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

38. Bone Cancer Two main types of bone cancer:
Primary cancer which originates within a bone
Secondary cancer which originates somewhere else in the body and spreads (metastases) to bone
Surgery, amputation, chemotherapy and radiation are the common treatments

39. Primary Bone Cancer Is very rare
It is most likely to occur in children and adolescents
Osteosarcoma: is primary bone cancer that happens in growing bones between ages 10 and 25
It affects the long bones of the body
Chrondrosarcoma: is primary bone cancer that starts in the cartilage
It usually happens after age 50
It affects the pelvis, ribs and breastbone

40. Secondary Bone Cancer Is more frequent than primary bone cancer
It is usually the result of cancer cells spreading from a primary tumor elsewhere in the body
It is more likely to occur in older people
Cancers in the breast, lung, thyroid, kidney, and prostate most often lead to secondary bone cancer
One type of secondary bone cancer:
Ewing’s sarcoma: begins in the nerve tissue within the bone marrow of young people after treatment with radiation or chemotherapy for other cancers