1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY (BIOL345), SUMMER, 2017
Lecture:9
INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY (BIOL345), SUMMER, 2017
Dr.Q.M.I.Haq

2. Virus-resistant Papaya: Farmers asked for help
Papaya, a tropical fruit high in vitamins C & A, is an important food crop worldwide, and the 2nd largest export crop in Hawaii.
A virus, papaya ringspot potyvirus (PRSV), had wiped out papaya production on Oahu by the 1950’s.
PRSV was discovered in
Puna in 1992, by late
1994, PRSV had spread throughout Puna and
many farmers were going
out of business.

3. Virus-resistant Papaya
Scientists at Cornell, developed transgenic virus-resistant papaya in 1986.
Transgenic
Non-transgenic
In transgenic papaya plants, the coat protein of the virus was engineered into the papaya to create resistance, similar to a vaccine.
Transgenic
Non-transgenic

4. Insect Resistance

5. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Bacterium that produces crystal proteins, which are toxic to many species of insects
Widely used in crop plants, including organic farms
Thousands of different Bt strains
produce over 200 crystal proteins
active against various insects and some other invertebrates

6. How Bt Works
1. Insect eats Bt crystals and spores.
2. The toxin binds to specific receptors in the gut and the insects stops eating.
3. The crystals cause the gut wall to break down, allowing spores and normal gut bacteria to enter the body.
4. The insect dies as spores and gut bacteria proliferate in the body.

7. Is Bt Safe to Use? Bt is organic Affects specific insects
Does not persist in the environment
poses no threat to groundwater
breaks down under UV light of the sun
No any human health hazards found related to using Bt.

8. Plant Derived Oral
Vaccines
Examples:
Potatoes for hepatitis B
Bananas for cholera
Lettuce for measles

9. Fermentation
Typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast under anaerobic conditions
Chemically it means the conversion of carbohydrates into alcohol or acids
Fermentation Tank

10. Animal Biotechnology
Artificial insemination: the process of collecting sperm cells from a male animal and manually depositing them into the reproductive tract of a female

11. Animal Biotechnology
In Vitro Fertilization: procedure in which eggs are fertilized with sperm in a dish.
Resulting embryos can be used for embryo transfer or frozen (cryopreserved) for future use

12. Nano biotechnology
Nano-Technology is one of the emerging interdisciplinary fields which is about to bring a technological revolution. It is a engineering at the atomic or molecular scale, deals with devices typically less than 100 nanometers in size, or one billionth of a meter, or one ten-thousandth the width of a human hair
Nanotechnology provides a new basis for innovation in the life sciences, revolutionary biotechnology processes, the synthesis of new drugs and their targeted delivery, regenerative medicine, neuromorphic engineering stem cell research, genomics, proteomics as well as the well-established fields of agriculture, environmental management, medical device manufacturing

13. The Ethics of Biotechnology
Despite all the exciting things that biotechnology can do or will do in the near future, there are things to consider:
Would it be ethical to clone a human? Why or why not?
What happens to the natural balance when GMO are sent out to compete with natural plants in the environment?
Gender Reversal on Livestock
Gender Reversal on Humans
Genetic Engineering of Plants
Genetic Engineering of Humans

14. Career opportunities
Biotechnology is a innovative industry with innumerable career options for anyone interested in life sciences. Biotechnology has changed the quality of life through improved medicine, diagnostics, agriculture and waste management. Because the field of biotechnology is still relatively new, there is an abundance of unique opportunities to make new discoveries and introduce useful innovations to the world.

15. Scope of biotechnology
Genetically engineered microbes are today widely used for producing drugs and vaccines in large scale at low costs that are of great importance (human insulin, erythropoietin, and hepatitis-B vaccine)
Genetically engineering plants are also poised to produce vaccines

16. Future belongs to Biotechnology
Biotechnology gives answer to many burning problems like food scarcity, ecological problems , pharmaceutical sector drop and spans its wings to almost all living World problems.