1. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
PREGNANCY TODAY
Pre-pregnancy planning encompasses non-drug use, nutritional planning, exercise, immunizations, and folic acid supplements.

2. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
CONCEPTION
This occurs when the sperm and the ovum unite to form a zygote which equals:
23 chromosomes from the male and 23 chromosomes from the female =46chrom.
This contains genetic information from both sexes,
The fertilized egg takes several days to travel to the uterus in the form of a blastocyst
When it is embedded into the endometrium it becomes an embryo
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

3. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
CHROMOSOMES
They determine:
Sex of individual
Hair and eye color
Facial characteristics
Height
Body frame size
All characteristics that are passed from one generation to the next
A pair of chromosomes determines sex of the individual
A male = 1X + 1Y= 1XY
A female = 1Y + 1Y = 2Y
The zygote becomes a blastocyst which becomes an embryo 8 weeks and develops into a fetus until the delivery
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

4. EARLY SIGNS OF PREGNANCY
Pregnancy occurs before the signs are 2 weeks prior to next cycle
Signs includes:
A missed period
A light period or just spotting
Tender, swollen breasts
Fatigue
Upset stomach or vomiting
Feeling bloated
Frequent urination
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

5. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
PREGNANCY TESTS
Most pregnancy tests are urine tests that measure human chorionic gonadotropin HCG
False negatives are much more common that false positives
Test results can be obtained within 2 to 20 minutes depending on the product
It is preferable that you use the first urine of the morning in a clean, dry, container
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

6. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
PRENATAL CARE
HCG insures the completion of pregnancy
A decrease in the production of HCG results in a spontaneous abortion
A recommended weight gain of between lbs
All visits to the doctor include a physical exam to determine:
Height
Weight
Blood pressure
Examination of the reproductive organs
Estimation of the due date
Blood, urine and Pap tests
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

7. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
PREGNANCY DUE DATE
Pregnancy is divided into 3 trimesters
Each is 3 months long for a total of 9 months
To determine a pregnancy due date follow the formula:
Calculate first day of last period
Add seven days to the date
Subtract 3 months
Add 1 year to get the due date
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

8. Pre-Natal Testing: Utrasound
Ultrasound uses frequency sound waves to project the image of the fetus
This ascertains age of fetus and any possible birth defects
It is a safe and low risk procedure that can be given anytime during the pregnancy
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

9. Pre-Natal Testing ALPHA FETOPROTEIN
Screen test that measures substances produced by baby’s kidneys
Test is taken between the 13th-20th week of pregnancy
Increased levels produce neural tube defect
Decreased levels result in Down Syndrome
It is safe and low risk
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

10. Pre-Natal Testing AMNIOCENTESIS
Test that extracts amnionic fluid
To examine cells shed by fetus
Tissue culture is checked for chromosomes, biochemical, or genetic defects
It is performed between the 14-16th week of pregnancy
There is a slight risk of fetal loss
Riskier than the ultrasound
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

11. Pre-Natal Testing CHORIONIC VILLI
A small sample of chorionic villi is suctioned out of the placenta
Either through a thin tube passed through the vagina and cervix
Or through a needle passed through the abdomen and uterus
Checks for Down Syndrome and other defects during the 10th to 12th weeks usually on women who have already had a child with defects
Not as common
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

12. MAJOR GENETIC DISORDERS
Cystic Fibrosis_ found in mostly in American Whites and is abnormality of the respiratory system;sweat and mucous glands
Down Syndrome -result of having extra 21st chromosome causes varying degrees of physical and mental retardation
Sickle Cell Anemia- blood disorder that affects Afro-American
RBC’s assume crescent or sickle shape, impairs O2 delivery
Phenylketonuria caused by missing enzyme needed to metabolize protein amino acid and results in severe mental retardation
Tay-Sachs -gradual deterioration of the body and results in death by age 5 0r 6
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

13. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
1 in 60 pregnancies result in implantation of the embryo in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, abdominal cavity, or cervix
Women at greatest risk are those with:
Previous ectopic pregnancy
PID, Endometriosis
Surgery to the fallopian tubes
Uterine Fibroids
IUD
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PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY

14. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
STAGES OF LABOR
Onset of labor to full dilation, due to uterine contractions
Easiest part of labor 0-4 cm
Uterus hardens
Water bag breaks
Bloody show
Contractions are strong and increase in frequency
Last part of Stage 1
Begins with full dilation and ends with birth
Completion of delivery to expulsion of placenta
STAGE 1
Early Labor
Active Labor
Transition
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
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15. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
CESAREAN DELIVERY
Cesarean deliveries are performed for the following reasons:
Breech- Buttocks first
Transverse Lie- lying horizontally
Abruptio Placenta- premature separation of placenta
Prolapsed Cord- umbilical cord passes through first and cuts off O2/Fetal Distress
Placenta Previa
Multiple births or failure to progress
Cervix fails to dilate
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16. ASSISTED REPRODUCTION
Fertility Clinics/ Fertility Drugs- Multiple births
Artificial Insemination
Surrogacy
Host Uterus
Embryo Transfer
In Vitro Fertilization/ Donor Eggs and Egg Retrieval
Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer
Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
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17. PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY
INFERTILITY
PRIMARY INFERTILITY is the inability to get pregnant after 1 year of unprotected SI
SECONDARY INFERTILITY is the inability to carry the pregnancy to full term
Drugs are given to induce ovulation and stimulate ovaries to produce extra eggs
Pergonal, Metrodin, Humegon, Clomed
HCG is injected to facilitate the release of eggs
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