1. Artificial Insemination
John Parrish
Updated:9/19/2018

2. Objectives of Artificial Insemination
Genetic improvement of livestock
Disease control mechanism
Possible to increase fertility
Decrease breeding expense
Updated:9/19/2018

3. Current Status of US Industry
Dairy Cattle
7 million (50%) - in Denmark, Japan, %
Beef Cattle
1.3 million (3%)
Swine %
Turkey
100%
Horses
Increasing rapidly
Updated:9/19/2018

4. Advantages of AI Genetic Improvement Rapid proof of sire
Wide spread use and availability of genetically superior sires
1 bull can breed 500,000 cows in a lifetime
After death, semen can be used
Oldest frozen semen years old
Rapid proof of sire
Progeny testing examines offspring for desired traits
With natural mating would only have 100’s of offspring
Updated:9/19/2018

5. Advantages of AI (cont.)
Availability of sires
Sires anywhere in world
Danger of bull (male) removed
Disease reduction
Crossbreeding
Can try without buying sire
Improved management
Start to keep records
Updated:9/19/2018

6. Advantages of AI (cont.)
Economics
Cost of very good sire is reduced because extend semen
Cost to maintain sire’s reduced as don’t need as many to breed all the females
Updated:9/19/2018

7. Disadvantages Estrus detection must be good Trained inseminator
Bull semen the best, other species not as good
Use of poor male may increase if not tested well
Technology to store cooled or frozen semen
Difficult to maintain
Updated:9/19/2018

8. Age When Semen Can Be Collected
Bull 12 months
Boar months
Ram months
Stallion months
Dog months
Updated:9/19/2018

9. Effect of Age on Sperm Output
Bull
Sperm Output 10 20 30 40 50 60
Age in Months
Updated:9/19/2018

10. Semen Collection Sexual arousal Sight, sound, smell, touch
Best mount - Live
Updated:9/19/2018

11. Collection on a Live Mount
Updated:9/19/2018

12. Collection on a Live Mount
Updated:9/19/2018

13. Semen Collection Sexual arousal Sight, sound, smell, touch
Best mount - Live
Alternative mount - dummies
Bull
Stallion
Boar
Ram
Updated:9/19/2018

14. Collection of a Bull on a Dummy
Updated:9/19/2018

15. Stallion Collection on a Phantom
Updated:9/19/2018

16. Boar Collection on a Dummy
Updated:9/19/2018

17. Ram Collection on a Dummy
Updated:9/19/2018

18. Semen Collection (cont.)
Sexual Preparation
False mounts
In bulls can increase sperm collected by 100%
Novelty
Change mounts, location, other males present
Breed and species differences
Beef bulls less libido than dairy bulls
Arab stallions more libido than Quarter horse stallions
Rams less libido than bulls or male goats
Updated:9/19/2018

19. Semen Collection (cont.)
Frequency of collection
As increase frequency/wk
decrease sperm/ejaculate
Increase sperm recovered/wk
Updated:9/19/2018

20. Effect of Collection Frequency on Sperm Output
Item Dairy Beef Sheep Swine Horses
# of collections
Volume (ml)
Concentration (million/ml)
Total sperm/ejac. (billion)
Total sperm/wk (billion)
Motile sperm(%)
Normal sperm(%)
Updated:9/19/2018

21. Artificial Vaginas Inner Liner Collection cone Collection vial Water
Updated:9/19/2018

22. Characteristics of AV Temperature Pressure Friction
Bull, stallion, ram - 45°C
Pressure
Friction
Lubrication essential
Updated:9/19/2018

23. Electroejaculation Useful if male won’t or can’t mount
Get urine often
Poorer quality ejac.
Used in rams and beef bulls
Updated:9/19/2018

24. Massage Method Stimulate by rectal massage Seminal vesicles
Vas deferens
Updated:9/19/2018

25. Semen Evaluation Appearance (color) Volume Motility Concentration
No debris
No puss
No urine
Volume
Motility
Concentration
Hemocytometer, spectrophotometer
Morphology
Updated:9/19/2018

26. Preservation of Semen Extenders (7 components) Nutrients
Glucose, fructose
Cold shock prevention
Milk, skim-milk, egg yolk
Buffer
Citrate, Tris
Osmotic pressure
The buffer component
Updated:9/19/2018

27. Preservation of Semen (cont.)
Inhibit bacterial growth
antibiotics
Increase volume
Cryoprotectant
glycerol
Updated:9/19/2018

28. Preservation of Semen (cont.)
Liquid Semen
Collect semen
Semen quality exam
Extend 1:3 (semen:extender)
Minimal extension rate
Cool to 5°C over 2 hours
OK for bull, stallion, ram
Boar - cool to 15°C
Updated:9/19/2018

29. Preservation of Semen (cont.)
Once cooled, extend semen to final amount
Bovine (inseminate 0.5 ml)
2 to 5 million sperm/ml
Equine (inseminate 1 billion sperm)
25 to 50 million sperm/ml
If don’t cool then inseminate 500 million motile sperm
Swine (inseminate 1.5 to 6 billion sperm in 50 ml)
30 to 120 million sperm/ml
Updated:9/19/2018

30. Preservation of Semen (cont.)
Frozen semen
Follow instruction for collecting and cooling semen
After cooling to 5°C, extend to 2X the final concentration desired
If want final concentration to be 40 million/ml then dilute to 80 million to ml at this time
Hold semen for 4 to 6 hours at 5°C
Equilibrates semen to the cold
Updated:9/19/2018

31. Preservation of Semen (cont.)
Add the cryoprotectant
Mix extender with 2X final cryoprotectant amount, 1:1 with extended semen
Do this in small portions to minimize cryoprotectant toxicity
Package semen
0.5 ml French straws
Ampules
Freeze semen
Liquid nitrogen vapor
Static
Mechanically controlled
Dry ice depressions for pellet freezing
Updated:9/19/2018

32. Updated:9/19/2018

33. Preservation of Semen (cont.)
Storage
In a liquid nitrogen tank
Updated:9/19/2018

34. Liquid Nitrogen Tank
Updated:9/19/2018

35. Temperature in Neck of Storage Tank
Liquid Nitrogen -196°C
Updated:9/19/2018

36. Temperature of Straws If Low LN
Updated:9/19/2018

37. Thawing Use the procedures recommended by the semen supplier!!!
35°C water for seconds
Ice water for 3 minutes
Pocket thaw
Updated:9/19/2018

38. Insemination of the Female
Detection of estrus
No need to review this material
Time of insemination
Cattle (2X daily heat detection)
12 hours after observed in standing heat (AM - PM rule)
Inseminate on the day of estrus
Swine (2X daily heat detection)
Sow - 24 and 36 hours after first seen in estrus
Gilt - 12 and 24 hours after first seen in estrus
Updated:9/19/2018

39. Insemination of the Female
Sheep
12 to 18 hours after first seen in estrus
Horses
Every second day beginning on day 3 of heat
Breed when reach mm follicle
Breed 24 hours after HCG injection
HCG given when a >35 mm follicle is present
Ovulation is 36 to 40 hours after HCG
Insemination protocol
Rectal-vaginal
Vaginal
Updated:9/19/2018

40. Insemination of the Cow
Rectal-Vaginal Approach
Updated:9/19/2018

41. Artificial Insemination in the Mare
Vaginal
Updated:9/19/2018

42. Artificial Insemination in the Sow
Updated:9/19/2018

43. Factors Effecting Conception Rate
How is conception rate measured?
Non-return rate
Rectal palpation
Ultrasound
Time of insemination
If after ovulation then get aging of oocytes
# of sperm inseminated
Fertility of males
Skill of inseminator
Updated:9/19/2018

44. Use and Success of AI Semen
Species Liquid Frozen Preg. Rate Major Problems
Dairy Cattle OK OK OK, need good heat detection
Beef Cattle OK OK Range area large: poor heat detection
Sheep OK Fair Large range; low value of ewe
Swine OK Fair Estrus detection
Horses OK Fair Timing insemination, breed restrictions
Turkey OK Poor 90 None
Humans OK Fair 5-30 Donors; infertility; time
Updated:9/19/2018