1. Ions and Ionic Bonding

2. Ions Ions are atoms or groups of atoms with electrical charges,
There are positive ions or cations, these elements are commonly called metals.
There are negative ions or anions, these elements are commonly called non-metals.
Atoms become ions by losing or gaining electrons.

3. Where does the Charge Come From?
Lets take Sodium….
It has 11 positive protons and 11 negative electrons.
These charges cancel each other out and we say that a sodium atom is neutral.
The outer shell of a sodium atom holds only 1 electron, this is not a stable arrangement.
Every atom “prefers” to have a full set of electrons in its outer shell

4. Where does the Charge Come From?
During chemical reactions, some atoms lose their outer electrons, while others gain one or more electrons to get a full set of electrons in their outer shell.
Atoms with 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their outer shell tend to lose their electrons to become positive ions or cations
Atoms with 5, 6 or 7 electrons in their outer shell tend to gain electrons to become negative ions or anions

5. Group 1 Example Sodium Atom Protons: 11+ Electrons: 11- Net Charge: 0
Loses 1 electron
11P
12N
11P
12N
Sodium Atom
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 0
Sodium ion
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 1+

6. Group 2 Example Magnesium ion Magnesium Atom Protons: 12+ Protons: 12+
Loses 2 electrons
12P
12N
12P
12N
Magnesium ion
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 2+
Magnesium Atom
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 0

7. Group 17 Example Fluorine Atom Protons: 9+ Electrons: 9- Net Charge: 0
Gains 1 electron 9P
10N 9P
10N
Fluorine Atom
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 0
Fluorine ion
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 1-

8. Group 16 Example Oxygen Atom Protons: 8+ Electrons: 8- Net Charge: 0
Gains 2 electrons 8P 8N 8P 8N
Oxygen Atom
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 0
Oxygen ion
Protons:
Electrons:
Net Charge: 2-

9. Ion Formation
When non-metal atoms become negative ions, their names change.
Chlorine atoms become chloride ions
Bromine atoms become bromide ions
Group 1 metals become +1 ions
Group 2 metals become +2 ions
Group 3/13 elements become +3 ions
Group 7/17 elements become -1 ions
Group 6/16 elements become -2 ions
Group 5/15 elements become -3 ions

10. Transition Metals and Compound Ions
Transition elements can form more than 1 type of ion.
You need to learn these ones.
Compound ions contain more than one type of atom chemically joined.

11. Table of Ions +1 Ion +2 Ion +3 Ion -3 Ion -2 Ion -1 Ion H+ Hydrogen
Cu2+
Copper
Fe3+
Iron (III)
N3-
Nitride
O2-
Oxide
Cl-
Chloride
Na+ Sodium
Fe2+
Iron (II)
Al3+
Aluminium
P3-
Phosphide
S2-
Sulfide F-
Fluoride
K+ Potassium
Ca2+
Calcium
SO42-
Sulfate I-
Iodide
NH4+
Ammonium
Zn2+
Zinc
CO32-
Carbonate
OH-
Hydroxide
Li+
Lithium
Pb2+
Lead
HCO3-
Hydrogen Carbonate
Ag+
Silver
Mg2+
Magnesium
NO3-
Nitrate