2. COVALENT BOND

3. BONDING IN CARBON: The Atomic Number of Carbon is 6
The Electronic Configuration is 2,4
It means Carbon has 4 Valence Electrons in its outermost L shell.
Its Valency is C+4

4. Points to Remember:
If Carbon gains 4 electrons, then it forms C-4 Anion.
If Carbon losses 4 electrons, then it forms C+4 Cation.
Therefore, to overcome this problem, Carbon share its Valence shell electrons with other atoms of Carbon or with atoms of other elements. The shared electrons belong to the outer shells of both the atoms and lead to both atoms attaining the noble gas configuration. The bond which is formed after the sharing of electrons is known as Covalent Bond and it is donated as (-)

6. Formation of Covalent bond

7. Formation of Hydrogen Molecule (H2):
The atomic number of Hydrogen (H) is 1.
It has only 1 electron in its K shell.
It requires one more electron to fill K shell.
Two Hydrogen atoms share their electrons to form a molecule of Hydrogen.

8. Formation of Oxygen Molecule (O2):
The atomic number of Oxygen (O) is 8.
Its Electronic Configuration is 2,6.
It has 6 Valence electrons in its L shell.
It will share two electrons with another two electrons to complete their octet.

12. Formation of Nitrogen Molecule (N2):
The atomic Number of Nitrogen (N) is 7.
Its electronic Configuration is 2, 5.
It has 5 Valence electrons in its L shell.
It will share its 3 electrons with 3 electrons of another Nitrogen atom.
In this way each Nitrogen atom will complete its octet by making 3- Single Covalent Bonds.

14. Formation of NH3
The Atomic Number of Nitrogen (N) is 7. Its electronic Configuration is 2, 5. It has 5 Valence electrons in its L shell.
The Atomic Number of Hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1. It has 1 valence electron in its K shell.
Nitrogen will share its 3 electrons with 3 Hydrogen atoms and forms NH3; results in making 3- Single Covalent Bonds.

16. Formation of Methane (CH4)
The Atomic Number of Carbon is 6. The Electronic Configuration is 2,4. It means Carbon has 4 Valence Electrons in its outermost L shell.
The atomic number of Hydrogen is 1. Its electronic configuration is 1. It has 1 valence electron in its K shell.
Thus, for the formation of CH4, Carbon atom shares its 4 valence electrons with 4 Hydrogen atoms making 4- Single Covalent Bonds.

18. Formation of Carbon-dioxide (CO2)
The Atomic Number of Carbon is 6. The Electronic Configuration is 2,4. It means Carbon has 4 Valence Electrons in its outermost L shell.
The atomic number of Oxygen (O) is 8. Its Electronic Configuration is 2,6. It has 6 Valence electrons in its L shell.
Thus, for the formation of CO2, carbon will share its 4 valence electrons with 4 valence electrons of two Oxygen atoms, 2 electrons from each Oxygen atom. This makes 2- Double Covalent Bonds.

20. Practice phase: Draw the Covalent Bond in:
C2H6
C2H4
C2H2
HCN
Cl2
H2O
HCl

21. Answer key

22. C2H6

23. C2H4

24. C2H2

25. HCN

26. Cl2

27. H2O

28. HCl

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