1. Neutralization reaction

2. Review
What’s an acid? Example?
What’s a base? Example?

3. What is neutralization reaction?
Neutralization reaction occurs when acid reacts with a base to form a salt
General formula:
Acid + Base  Salt + Water
E.g. HCl + NaOH  NaCl + HOH
Which type of reaction is it?
- Double displacement

4. More neutralization reaction examples
HCl + Ca(OH)2 
HBr + KOH 
3. HF + NaOH 

5. More neutralization reaction examples
HCl + Ca(OH)2  CaCl2 + H2O
HBr + KOH  KBr + H2O
3. HF + NaOH NaF + H2O

6. Applications of Neutralization reactions
Antacids are base (e.g Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3) that neutralize excessive stomach acid
Our stomach lining

7. Examples of Neutralization Reactions
1. Antacids
contains baking soda
(sodium bicarbonate)

8. Salt production 1- Commercially done by evaporation of sea water
2- Chemically done as
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + HOH

9. Detergent and Soap What the texture of the base? Slippery
Because base reacts with the acid of your skin in a neutralization reaction to form soap

10. Bee sting
When bee stings, formic acid is release
Bases should be used to neutralize and reduce pain

11. What would you do in case of?
Neutralize H2SO4 with strong bases such as NaOH or Ca(OH)2

12. Neutralization reaction in a swimming pool
Hypochlorous acid (HClO) kills bacteria and algae
NaOCl (bleach) is added to pool to produce HClO (H+, ClO-):
NaClO: sodium hypochlorite (ClO- is a polyatomic anion)
OCl- + H+  HClO
How is bleach produced?
Cl2 + 2NaOH + → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O

13. Neutralization reaction in a swimming pool (Cont.)
If the pool is too acidic, metal pipelines get corroded. What should be added to neutralize?
 Na2CO3 is added
If the pool is too basic, CaCO3 will form. What should be added to neutralize?
HCl is added

14. Hazard with household chemicals
Never mix NH3 and NaClO (bleach)
NH3 + NaClO  NaONH3 + Cl2
Cl2 is a very toxic gas, used as weapon during WWI & II
Exposure can lead to death
READ THE LABEL CAREFULLY

16. Acid rain & its sources
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 occurs naturally
Human contribution to acid rain:
Cars produces:
NO2 + H2O  HNO3 and
Industry:
S8 +O2  SO2
SO2 +O2  SO3
SO3 +H2O  H2SO4

17. Acid rain impacts? How to remedy acid rain?

18. Effects On Forests
Acid rain can have terrible effects on a forest. The acid takes away important minerals from the leaves and the soil.
Minerals are like vitamins for trees and plants. Without them, trees and plants cannot grow properly. They lose their leaves and become very weak. They are no longer strong enough to fight against illnesses and frost. They become very ill and can even die.

19. Effects On Water Life
Acid rain has a terrible effect on water life. Even if the acid rain does not fall straight into the lake, for example, it may enter from rivers and streams. Some of the life in the lake such as fish and plants may end up dying, because they cannot survive in acidic lakes.

20. Effects On Fish
Acid rain and acid snow are posing a major threat to the fish habitat in Nova Scotia, having already killed one quarter of the province's freshwater fish population. According to scientists, another quarter of the population could be wiped out within twenty years, unless something is done.

21. Effects On Lakes & Rivers
You can recognize a lake dead from acid rain by its clean and crystal clear water. But they look clean because there is very little living in them anymore. Tiny plants and animals are mostly unable to survive.

22. Effects On Humans
Particulates - very small particles of debris found in some of the air pollution - are one of the main causes of health problems. In towns and cities, these are released mainly by diesel engines from cars and trucks.
When we breathe in air pollution, these very fine particulates can easily enter our body, where they can cause breathing problems, and over time even cause cancer.
The water we drink from taps can be contaminated by acid rain, which can damage the brain.

23. Effects On Buildings
Acid rain can also ruin buildings because the acid eats into metal and stone. It also damages stained glass and plastics. Some types of building materials are softer than others, and it is the softer ones which are most affected by acid rain. Sandstone and limestone are examples of stone which are fairly soft and are damaged easily. Granite is an example of a harder stone that can resist the effects of acid rain.
Buildings are naturally eroded by rain, wind, frost and the sun, but when acidic gases are present, it speeds up the erosion.

24. How to remedy acid rain
Liming: adding CaCO3 into pond to neutralize the acid from acid rain and mining run-offs
Use scrubbers on smokestacks of industrial plants
cycling

26. Titrations Standard Solution Titration End Point
The solution of known concentration
Titration
The process of a specific amount of a known solution to an unknown solution to determine the molarity of the unknown solution
End Point
When the indicator shows that neutralization has occurred (color change)